tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-71270620930751584142024-02-19T04:59:44.355+03:00TIMOLOGYTimology is the study of time.It is a branch of knowledge that deals with time analysis and continuity.It deals with time analysis in terms of time measurement and recording and time forecasting and prediction.It is a branch of knowleddge based on research and analysis of time and has culminated in the discovery,exploration,development and production of the perpetual calendar useful in many areas including Modelling among other areas.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger149125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7127062093075158414.post-32827722426951378812015-09-29T11:49:00.006+03:002023-09-12T20:39:00.710+03:00 Time Colour Interaction Chart<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://timologyvok.blogspot.co.ke/2015/09/time-colour-interaction-chart.html?showComment=1443516493002#c6056728965103878341">Time Colour Interaction Chart</a></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Article by
Vincent Oduor Odhiambo-KOdongoh
Timologyvok Founder Member
Copyright material
Property of KOdongoh Educational Publishers(KEP)
E-mail:vincentoduor@ymail.com</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7127062093075158414.post-69949993085475813572015-09-29T11:28:00.000+03:002023-09-12T20:38:26.939+03:00Time Colour Interaction Chart<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8cpMxGQPqUCxKjRilda0VSfUxmdqCt7YWULKVLAw3kqP_MkjqBZamDXekFJyQ7ZgP9QigBLNwYrGekWFN6kUMZFoJrajq9eSC1nLF8mzSpG77PC1ov1wwHIuKkXqbUa9_JbXI4dxuy0U/s1600/TIME+COLOUR+INTERACTION+CHART.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8cpMxGQPqUCxKjRilda0VSfUxmdqCt7YWULKVLAw3kqP_MkjqBZamDXekFJyQ7ZgP9QigBLNwYrGekWFN6kUMZFoJrajq9eSC1nLF8mzSpG77PC1ov1wwHIuKkXqbUa9_JbXI4dxuy0U/s320/TIME+COLOUR+INTERACTION+CHART.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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For those of us conscious about colour and their shades they wear,this could be some good news to you. This is an excerpt of the application of the Perpetual Calendar..<a href="http://timologyvok.blogspot.co.ke/2015/09/time-colour-interaction-chart.html">The Time Colou Interaction Char</a>t is a production of time colour interaction model<a href="https://www.blogger.com/"></a></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Article by
Vincent Oduor Odhiambo-KOdongoh
Timologyvok Founder Member
Copyright material
Property of KOdongoh Educational Publishers(KEP)
E-mail:vincentoduor@ymail.com</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7127062093075158414.post-12703705903237555472015-09-28T15:02:00.004+03:002015-10-01T10:23:43.698+03:00The Seven Motions of the Earth<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border: none; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; padding: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">By</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; padding: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Vincent Oduor Odhiambo (MEd,
Nairobi)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Here is the examination of the
apparent daily motion of the sky that results from the rotation of the earth, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">When the Earth turns,
and the sky </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">appear
to revolve around the earth. It is noticed that
the sky appears to revolve in the clockwise direction or
"left-handed" since it appears to move in the opposite direction of
the earth's actual rotation</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_zlfu95RWc9j1MgMRvlXsoeou0xvgmXVSXGAZlx13DETDJrlnGQUxJqM7G_2M0wmDLf0q9WKZPx7acWQGI46wzlJfOewuv9LHXPJ1_DxpAabxNwEH9MhoxYXuSkJrnx5VXwJZofXgV5E/s1600/Motion+in+perspective.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_zlfu95RWc9j1MgMRvlXsoeou0xvgmXVSXGAZlx13DETDJrlnGQUxJqM7G_2M0wmDLf0q9WKZPx7acWQGI46wzlJfOewuv9LHXPJ1_DxpAabxNwEH9MhoxYXuSkJrnx5VXwJZofXgV5E/s320/Motion+in+perspective.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Evolution of the Knowledge of the Motions of the Earth</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: left;">To
understand the motions, it is important to begin by throwing a little history
of the evolution of the knowledge of the moving Earth or heavenly bodies.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="text-align: left;">It is
noted that a</span><span lang="EN" style="text-align: left;">mong the ancient
Greeks, several of the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Pythagorean<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>school believed in the rotation of
the earth rather than the apparent diurnal rotation of the heavens. Perhaps the
first was Philolaus<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(470-385 BCE), though his system was
complicated, including a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>counter-earth<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>rotating daily about a central fire <span style="background-color: white;">(<span class="citation"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Burch, George Bosworth 1954)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;">A more
conventional picture was that supported by</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">Hicetas</span><span style="text-align: left;">,</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">Heraclides</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">and</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">Ecphantus</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">in
the fourth century BCE who assumed that the earth rotated but did not suggest
that the earth revolved about the sun. In the third century BCE,</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">Aristarchus of Samos</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">suggested the</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">sun's central place</span><span style="text-align: left;">.</span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;">However,</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"> </span>Aristotle<span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">in
the fourth century criticized the ideas of Philolaus as being based on theory
rather than observation. He established the idea of a sphere of fixed stars
that rotated about the earth(</span><span class="citation" style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Aristotle. </span></span><span class="citation" style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><i>Of the Heavens</i>.Book II,Ch 13.1.</span></span><span style="text-align: left;">).This
was accepted by most of those who came after, in particular</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">Claudius Ptolemy</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">(2nd century CE), who thought the
earth would be devastated by gales if it rotated (</span><span class="citation" style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Ptolemy.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span><span class="citation" style="text-align: left;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Almagest
Book I, Chapter 8</span></i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.</span>).</span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">In 499 CE, the Indian astronomer</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span class="reference-text"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Aryabhata</span></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">wrote
that the spherical earth rotates about its axis daily, and that the apparent
movement of the stars is a relative motion caused by the rotation of the Earth.
He provided the following analogy: "Just as a man in a boat going in one
direction sees the stationary things on the bank as moving in the opposite
direction, in the same way to a man at</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span class="reference-text"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Lanka</span></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">the
fixed stars appear to be going westward.</span><br />
<span style="color: #252525; text-align: left;">In</span><span style="text-align: left;"> the 10th
century,some </span>Muslim
astronomers<span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">accepted
that the Earth rotates around its axis(</span><span class="citation" style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Alessandro Bausani (1973)."Cosmology and Religion in Islam".</span></span><span class="citation" style="text-align: left;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Scientia/Rivista di Scienza</span></i></span><span class="citation" style="text-align: left;">)</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">According to</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">al-Biruni</span><span style="text-align: left;">,</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">Abu Sa'id al-Sijzi</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">(d.circa 1020) invented an</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"> </span>astrolabe<span style="text-align: left;"> called</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"> </span><i style="text-align: left;">al-zūraqī</i><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">based on the idea believed by some of
his contemporaries "that the motion we see is due to the Earth's movement
and not to that of the sky.”(</span><span class="citation" style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Young, M. J. L., ed. 2006</span></span><span class="citation" style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> p. 413,</span></span><span class="citation" style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein 1993.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span><span class="citation" style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> p. 135)</span></span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;">The
prevalence of this view is further confirmed by a reference from the 13th
century which states. According to the geometers [or engineers] (</span><i style="text-align: left;">muhandisīn</i><span style="text-align: left;">),
the earth is in constant circular motion, and what appears to be the motion of
the heavens is actually due to the motion of the earth and not the stars.”</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"> (</span><span class="citation" style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Young, M. J. L., ed.,2006</span></span><span class="citation" style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> p. 413.)</span></span><span class="citation" style="text-align: left;">.</span><span style="text-align: left;">Treatises
were written to discuss its possibility, either as refutations or expressing
doubts about Ptolemy's arguments against it (</span><span class="citation" style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Ragep, Sally P. (2007).</span></span><span style="text-align: left;">At the</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">Maragha</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">and</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">Samarkand
observatories</span><span style="text-align: left;">, the Earth's rotation wa</span><span style="color: #252525; text-align: left;">s discussed by</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="color: #252525; text-align: left;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" style="text-align: left;" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Tusi</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space" style="color: #252525; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="color: #252525; text-align: left;">(b. 1201) </span><span style="text-align: left;">and</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">Qushji</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">(b.
1403); the arguments and evidence they used resemble those used by Copernicus
to support the Earth's motion.(</span><span class="stmainservices" style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span><span class="citation" style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Ragep, F.
Jamil, 2001a, "Tusi and Copernicus:The Earth's Motion in Context",</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span><span class="citation" style="text-align: left;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Science
in Context</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">In medieval Europe,</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">Thomas Aquinas</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">accepted
Aristotle's view(<span class="citation"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Aquinas, Thomas.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span><span class="citation"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Commentaria
in libros Aristotelis De caelo et Mundo</span></i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. Lib II, cap XIV.</span></span><span class="reference-text"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">trans
in</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span><span class="citation"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Grant, Edward, ed. (1974).</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span><span class="citation"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">A Source
Book in Medieval Science</span></i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. Harvard University Press.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span><span class="reference-text"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">pages
496-500</span>)</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">and so, reluctantly, did</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">John
Buridan</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span></span><span class="citation" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #252525; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Buridan,
John (1942).</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #252525; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span><span class="citation" style="text-align: left;"><i><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #252525; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Quaestiones
super libris quattuo De Caelo et mundo</span></i></span><span class="citation" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #252525; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">.
pp. 226–232.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #252525; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span><span class="reference-text" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #252525; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">in</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #252525; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span><span class="reference-text" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #252525; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Grant 1974, pp. 500–503</span></span><span class="reference-text" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">)</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">and</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">Nicole
Oresme</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span></span><span class="citation" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #252525; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Oresme,
Nicole.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #252525; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span><span class="citation" style="text-align: left;"><i><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #252525; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Le
livre du ciel et du monde</span></i></span><span class="citation" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #252525; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">.
pp. 519–539.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #252525; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span><span class="reference-text" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #252525; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">in</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #252525; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span><span class="reference-text" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #252525; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Grant 1974, pp. 503–510</span></span><span class="reference-text" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">)</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">in
the fourteenth century.</span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">Not until</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">Nicolaus Copernicus</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">in
1543 adopted a</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">heliocentric</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">world
system did the earth's rotation begin to be established. Copernicus pointed out
that if the movement of the earth is violent, then the movement of the stars
must be very much more so. He acknowledged the contribution of the Pythagoreans
and pointed to examples of relative motion. For Copernicus this was the first
step in establishing the simpler pattern of planets circling a central sun(<span class="citation"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Copernicus,
Nicolas.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span><span class="citation"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">On the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Spheres</span></i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
Book I, Chap 5-8.</span></span>)</span><br />
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The Origin of Heliocentrism</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Literature has it
that in the 1500's Copernicus published a radical theory of the solar system in
which he proposed that the planets revolve about the sun. His book
"on the revolutions of the planets" changed the view about the
universe. </span><br />
However, there is evidence indicating that Copernicus was not, the first
to propose some form of heliocentric system (<span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Linton</span>, 2004, <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">p39</span>). He asserts that a Greek mathematician and
astronomer, <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Aristarchus of Samos</span>, had already done so
as early as the third century BCE. There is little evidence that he ever
developed his ideas beyond a very basic outline <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">as explained
by Dreyer</span>, 1953, <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pp135–48)</span>.<br />
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Predecessors
of the Copernican system</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Dreyer (1953)</span>,
<span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pp. 40–52)</span>;
<span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Linton (2004,
p. 20)</span>. quote how, <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Philolaus</span> (c. 480–385 BCE) described an astronomical system in
which a <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Central Fire</span>
(different from the Sun) occupied the centre of the universe, and a
counter-Earth, the Earth, Moon, the Sun itself, planets, and stars all revolved
around it, in that order outward from the centre.</span><br />
Consequently, <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Dreyer (1953</span>,
<span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pp.123–135;</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Linton 2004,p24)</span> show that as early as the ancient time the motion of the
Earth was in conception. It shows that <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Heraclides.Ponticus</span> (387–312 BCE) had proposed
that the Earth rotates on its axis.T<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">hough this talks of rotation of the Earth on its own axis, it does not
say in which direction</span> and in what axis.This is a missing link in our current
knowledge.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">In a separate study, </span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Dreyer</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">
(1953, </span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pp.135–48</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">) and </span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Heath (1913</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,
</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pp.301–8)</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">
explains that </span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Aristarchus of Samos</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> (310 BCE – c. 230
BCE) had identified the "central
fire" with the Sun, around which he had the Earth orbiting. </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">showing that there was an axis of
rotation.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Some technical details of
Copernicus's system particularly his use of the </span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Tusi couple</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">
and his models for the motions of Mercury and the Moon (Linton </span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2004</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,
pp.</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">124</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">137–38</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">). closely resembled those developed earlier by the Islamic astronomers </span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> and </span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ibn al-Shāṭir</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,both of whom retained a geocentric model.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">The prevailing theory in
Europe during Copernicus' lifetime was the one that </span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ptolemy</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">
published in his </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Almagest</span></i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> circa 150 C which asserted that the Earth was the
stationary centre of the universe.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="background-color: white;">According to this theory,
stars were embedded in a large outer sphere which rotated rapidly,
approximately daily, while each of the planets, the Sun, and the Moon were
embedded in their own, smaller spheres. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Earth rotating rapidly is equivalent to the vibration and
sliding motions that were latently evident at the ancient literature.</span>
</span>Ptolemy's system employed also used devices, including <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">epicycles, deferents</span> and <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">equants</span>, to
account for observations that the paths of these bodies differed from simple,
circular orbits centered on the Earth.</span><br />
Though he had formulated the
theory several decades earlier, Copernicus' major theory was published in <i><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">De revolutionibus orbium coelestium</span></i>
(<i>On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres</i>), in the year of his death,
1543,</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ6f2NbvbhDXWJxZFQXiMlgGpqeUxMGa3ipFGEUa7qZq-8uVU0ZAc7zlJlQtwEANhEVYCvdr6rjl0RLfiwKTrmwoqJHd-PpiiO5BraH2AF_lY_dN2ka3RG_qySKCvKCEhX9zJHJQ2K3EY/s1600/Copernicus+Vision.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ6f2NbvbhDXWJxZFQXiMlgGpqeUxMGa3ipFGEUa7qZq-8uVU0ZAc7zlJlQtwEANhEVYCvdr6rjl0RLfiwKTrmwoqJHd-PpiiO5BraH2AF_lY_dN2ka3RG_qySKCvKCEhX9zJHJQ2K3EY/s1600/Copernicus+Vision.jpg" /></a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The Heliocentric Hypothesis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Some time before 1514 Copernicus made available to friends his "<span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Commentariolus</span>"(Little Commentary"), in a forty-page <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">manuscript </span>describing where he presented his ideas about.</span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><b>The Heliocentric Hypothesis. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Evidence from a<b> </b>reference to the
"Commentariolus" contained in a library catalogue, dated 1 May 1514,
of a 16th-century historian by Matthew of <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Miechów</span>, which indicate that it must have begun circulating before that
date as reported by Koyré, <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1973, p.85</span>
and Gingerich, <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2004, p.32</span>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Thoren</span>
(1990, <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">p.99</span>)
gives the length of the manuscript as 40 pages. which contained seven basic
assumptions underlying The Heliocentric Hypothesis as outlined by Goddu (2010
pp 245–6}}There after he continued gathering data for a more detailed work.</span><br />
It is shown by Jerzy & Leszek (1969), that by about 1532
Copernicus had already completed his work on the manuscript of <i><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">De revolutionibus orbium coelestium</span></i>;
but despite being urged by his closest friends, he resisted openly the publication
of his views, not wishing—as he
confessed—to risk the scorn "to which he would expose himself on account
of the novelty and incomprehensibility of his theses."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Copernicus'
"Commentariolus" summarized his <b>Heliocentric
Theory</b>. It listed the "assumptions" as quoted by Rosen (2004, <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pp. 58–59</span>).upon
which the theory was based as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">There is no one center of all the celestial circles or spheres.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">The centre of the earth is not the center of the universe, but only
of gravity and of the lunar sphere</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">All the spheres revolve about the sun as their mid-point, and
therefore the sun is the center of the universe.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">The ratio of the earth's distance from the sun to the height of the
firmament (outermost celestial sphere
containing the stars) is so much smaller than the ratio of the earth's
radius to its distance from the sun that the distance from the earth to
the sun is imperceptible in comparison with the height of the firmament.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Whatever motion appears in the firmament arises not from any motion
of the firmament, but from the earth's motion. The earth together with its
circumjacent elements performs a complete rotation on its fixed poles in a
daily motion, while the firmament and highest heaven abide unchanged.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">What appear to us as
motions of the sun arise not from its motion but from the motion of the
earth and our sphere, with which we revolve about the sun like any other
planet. The earth has, then, more than one motion.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">The apparent retrograde and direct motion of the planets arises not
from their motion but from the earth's. The motion of the earth alone,
therefore, suffices to explain so many apparent inequalities in the
heavens."</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Motion of
the Earth<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Modern
literature exist in some of astronomical writings done earlier intimating that Earth is in constant motion. Scholarly work exist on the this and notably motion of the Earth as
recorded by</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Kurtus
R.(2010). He underscores that one of the important characteristics of the
Earth is its movement. Seen through the Sun move through the sky is a result of
the fact that the Earth rotates on its axis. What is not clear is what causes this and in what aspect. As with all planets in the Solar
System, the Earth vibrates,slides,spins (orbits),revolves,spins, cyculates and generates or moves around the Solar Galaxy. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The vibration of the Earth is a self directed activity due immence forces coalescing within it due different states of matter coexisting together.It is therefore a static motion. As it does so, it slides or kicks about or slides continously resulting into a spin or what is perceived as a rotation. These takes place on the Earths own axis.Revolution takes place round the Sun.As the Earth revolves round the Sun, it makes a spiral motion and completes one spirulation in 140 years (or revolutions).This then leads to cyculation or acticive cucles completed in 50 cycles which makes a complete generation of 7000years. The revolution, spirulation, cyculation and generation are motions round the Solar Galaxy or Milky Way. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">There are three categories of the motions of the Earth. These are perceived motions, revealed motions and speculative motions.The vibration, sliding motions are what Timology concepts refers to as perceived motions of the Earth while spinning and revolution are referred to as revealed motions of the Earth. The spirulation, cyculation and generations are called speculative motions. These are the motions of the Earth underlying the production of <a href="http://www.timologyvok.blogspot.com/">The Geoclock</a>, <a href="http://www.timogyvok.blogspot.com/">The Perpetual Calendar</a> and <a href="hhtp://www.timologyvok.blogspot.com">The Time Colour Interaction Chart</a> which are based on the principles cycles of continuity of the Universe. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">It is noted that the Earth's axis is slightly
tilted with respect to its orbit around the Sun, resulting in the change of
seasons. The Earth also follows the Sun in its motion through space. The Earth
is a sphere that rotates, on its axis, passing through the North and South
Poles.The rotation is in a counterclockwise direction, looking down at the
North Pole.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kurtus R (2010)</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">states that the time it takes for the Earth to make a complete rotation
is approximately 24 hours (exactly 23.934 hours).The rotation results in
daytime when an area is facing the Sun and night-time when an area is facing
away from the Sun</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTki0zG_s-c6TXe1nwQsmZxNJPy6cofdORmuTWs9K0p0El17nJIm7FX5MT31aUjcsSbx1xpLp4k3TDJuVB8hxDeYC-Rkti6Gtq_PMIdjv3z7UKloe3TEufUADfM_5xrd61ksFRQC_Fmxg/s1600/Earth+Rotates+on+its+axis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTki0zG_s-c6TXe1nwQsmZxNJPy6cofdORmuTWs9K0p0El17nJIm7FX5MT31aUjcsSbx1xpLp4k3TDJuVB8hxDeYC-Rkti6Gtq_PMIdjv3z7UKloe3TEufUADfM_5xrd61ksFRQC_Fmxg/s1600/Earth+Rotates+on+its+axis.jpg" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><b>Earth rotates on its axis</b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Since we are on Earth,we do not
sense its motions (rotation and others),but experience it by observing the
relative motion of the Sun. It is similar to what you experience when you are
sitting in a moving automobile and see the surroundings move by in the opposite
direction.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">The Earth revolves around the Sun, in a
counterclockwise direction, once every 365.25 days. Its velocity in space in
its orbit is about 18.5 miles per second (Kurtus R.,2010))</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">The shape of the orbit is a slight ellipse.
Seldom—if ever—is an astronomical orbit a true circle.</span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnLbuVuWAEoJSM65QHcoXbS7NHxqQlH5_sYbIt6rodojcVwFpuvTaNvXtX4xaOJIYomvhBtju3yJI27-uJ8dcpbBscuPxnDQKggIsqMrq-qY1hIcJ5Ocj-AfAxBJddBgVECLxZVrbOzd4/s1600/Elliptical+Orbit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnLbuVuWAEoJSM65QHcoXbS7NHxqQlH5_sYbIt6rodojcVwFpuvTaNvXtX4xaOJIYomvhBtju3yJI27-uJ8dcpbBscuPxnDQKggIsqMrq-qY1hIcJ5Ocj-AfAxBJddBgVECLxZVrbOzd4/s320/Elliptical+Orbit.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Earth rotates in an elliptical orbit around the Sun</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">.</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;">Other motions of the Earth</span></b><br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">While it is imperative that awareness has been created as to the existent of other motions of the Earth, there is no concurrent similarities to the claims. Kurtus R.(2010)
appreciates that besides the revealed motions of the Earth of spinning</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> on its axis and revolving around
the Sun, the Earth also follows the Sun's apparent movement through the Milky Way galaxy-<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">the essence of the
speculative motions of the Earth being spirulation, cyculation and generation
all which takes place in the outer space of the galaxy</span>.The Sun and its
planets are moving toward the star Vega at a velocity of about 12 miles per
second.-<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">perhaps through the
spirulation of the Earth</span>. The Sun and Vega are rotating about the centre
of the Milky Way at about 150 miles per second-<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">the cyculation movement responsible for the active cycle</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Admittedly,Kurtus R.(2010) observes that the Milky Way, in turn, is moving
through space- </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">this is in agreement with Timology Concepts belief with reference to the third category of the Earth-the Speculative Motions of the Earth in the outer space. otherwise this is the generative movement exhibited is normally completed in 7000 years,</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> as
part of the apparent expansion of the Universe-</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">the Time Divergent Zone(TDZ</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">) Its estimate velocity is thousands of miles
per second depending on which galaxy you compare it.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">Since the distances are so great, we will never
notice these motions with respect to the other stars and galaxies in the
immense Universe </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">See the
continuity face depicted by a period of 7000 years.</span><br />
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Assumption underlying the Seven Motions of the Earth</span></b><br />
<br />
<ol>
<li><span style="text-align: left;">The Earth vibrates, slides, spins, revolves, spirulates, cyculates and
generates </span></li>
<li><span style="text-align: left;">There are perceived motions (vibration and sliding) revealed motions
(rotation of 24 hours & revolution of 365¼ days). and speculative motions
(spirulation of 140 years, cyculation of 50 active cycles and generation of
7000 years) </span></li>
<li><span style="text-align: left;">The Earth moves in a west to east direction </span></li>
<li><span style="text-align: left;">All other heavenly bodies move round the sun at different speeds </span></li>
<li><span style="text-align: left;">There is a point in time when all the planets are aligned in along a
common ring after a generation of 7000 periods (years) </span></li>
<li><span style="text-align: left;">There is an attractive force holding all the planets to the common
ring </span></li>
<li><span style="text-align: left;">Tthere are natural principles and cycles of continuity underlying the
motions of the Earth</span></li>
</ol>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">1<sup>st</sup> Assumption</span></b><br />
The
Earth vibrates, slides, spins, revolves, spirulates, cyculates and
generates <br />
<b><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2<sup>nd</sup> Assumption</span></b><br />
There
are perceived motions (vibration and sliding) revealed motions (rotation of 24
hours & revolution of 365¼ days). and speculative motions (spirulation of
140 years, cyculation of 50 active cycles and generation of 7000 years) <br />
<b><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3<sup>rd</sup> Assumption</span></b><br />
<span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">The Earth
moves in a west to east direction. </span><span lang="EN" style="text-align: left;">The </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Earth's
rotation</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">is the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>rotation<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>of the planet<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Earth around
its own<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>axis.
The Earth rotates from the west towards<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>east. As viewed from
North Star or polestar<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Polaris, the
Earth turns counter-clockwise.</span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The Earth
rotates once in about 24 hours with respect to the sun and once every 23 hours
56 minutes and 4 seconds with respect to the stars. Earth's rotation is slowing slightly with
time; thus, a day was shorter in the past. This is d<span style="background-color: white;">ue to the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>tidal effects<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Moonhas on Earth's
rotation.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Atomic
clocks<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>show that a modern-day
is longer by about 1.7 milliseconds<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>than
a century ago.(</span></span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"><span class="citation"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt;"> Dennis D. McCarthy; Kenneth P. Seidelmann ( 2009</span></span><span class="citation"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt;"> 232.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">) </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">slowly increasing the rate at which<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>UTC<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>is
adjusted by<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>leap
seconds.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg346CaRqMDNTThfLU_y7UNIAQlfqneq_asuDjGfmoYTSGjcKNratZ56K9U_WvK5p6xs3m7Y-KDH7E44_UwJu2ja2mbcG8VPjI7WW1z0rXNh47VyOnQBrJrXhlwt4l8xwVvwX3iRAIOdNg/s1600/3rd+Assumption.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg346CaRqMDNTThfLU_y7UNIAQlfqneq_asuDjGfmoYTSGjcKNratZ56K9U_WvK5p6xs3m7Y-KDH7E44_UwJu2ja2mbcG8VPjI7WW1z0rXNh47VyOnQBrJrXhlwt4l8xwVvwX3iRAIOdNg/s1600/3rd+Assumption.jpg" /></a></span></span></div>
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<b style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4<sup>th</sup> Assumption</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">All other heavenly bodies move round the sun
at different speeds</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"> </span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8vObZ2BSssVJAX3Ck7FFgkLIVxImx-xw7d0xTpahZT-48dMJA-maAAbirA9RMhNRR7HFxBg9cy1CafHvekVQRTuXUtt0oIGoZyKcOSO8j2-vgQntPW1VMS4FCNERY1mnLAZHvZrkKEzY/s1600/4th+Assumption.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8vObZ2BSssVJAX3Ck7FFgkLIVxImx-xw7d0xTpahZT-48dMJA-maAAbirA9RMhNRR7HFxBg9cy1CafHvekVQRTuXUtt0oIGoZyKcOSO8j2-vgQntPW1VMS4FCNERY1mnLAZHvZrkKEzY/s320/4th+Assumption.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"> </span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5<sup>th</sup> Assumption</span></b><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">There is a point in time when all the planets
are aligned in along a common ring after a generation of 7000 periods
(years) </span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6<sup>th</sup> Assumption</span></b><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">There is an attractive force holding all the
planets to the common ring </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">7<b><sup>Th</sup> Assumption</b></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Tthere are natural principles
and cycles of continuity underlying the motions of the Earth </span>This is illustrated below. Please note that the
dashed lines are on the back of the three dimensional sphere.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEufYW0Jfb0hkiqFSvapaWMOTYPF4I4ivons2qix0KhwK5q4c-sjCeGFzCxDPqVO4_3GWqvSrNEoHYLQNYhZgP1oUz5H0rTQNvUOXYHMuZo6C8Lsqk9sYiTn0cI9oqSK0pe1fG78LwEvY/s1600/7th+Assumption.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEufYW0Jfb0hkiqFSvapaWMOTYPF4I4ivons2qix0KhwK5q4c-sjCeGFzCxDPqVO4_3GWqvSrNEoHYLQNYhZgP1oUz5H0rTQNvUOXYHMuZo6C8Lsqk9sYiTn0cI9oqSK0pe1fG78LwEvY/s320/7th+Assumption.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Depicting a useful concepts - equatorial coordinates, used to make a
record of the position of an object on the sky independent of the position of
the observer</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHDTehKDtNWdlbpC9U4i94naAsg2SPCmZJcEoBsXgjN8EsMPesKoFhs85hq6AxMddRyYD3t3jBGyHV46oYUx3bESSGxydO-m91oRuc181wFMI7bX2fSPYcllI44Nm7w0KuOg7ZXLYqBOI/s1600/Continuity+Phase.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHDTehKDtNWdlbpC9U4i94naAsg2SPCmZJcEoBsXgjN8EsMPesKoFhs85hq6AxMddRyYD3t3jBGyHV46oYUx3bESSGxydO-m91oRuc181wFMI7bX2fSPYcllI44Nm7w0KuOg7ZXLYqBOI/s320/Continuity+Phase.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Equatorial
Coordinates are the hidden useful natural principles and cycles</span></b><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Maps of the Earth are </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="background-color: white;">normally made from lists of the <span style="color: windowtext;">latitude</span> and <span style="color: windowtext;">longitude</span>
of cities and other features .<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">These
latitudes are portrayed as continuity cycles displayed in the continuity
face in the periodicity.</span>
</span>Similarly, we make maps of the sky from a list of the coordinates of the stars
and other objects. The coordinates used for this purpose are called
"<span style="color: windowtext;">equatorial co -ordinates</span>.and are equivalent
of the continuity cycles. These follows the advantage that the stars' positions
are nearly fixed with respect to a plane drawn through the earth's equator as the
earth's axis points at the same part of the sky, the North Star Polaris, all
year long. Just as altitude is measured from the <span style="color: windowtext;">horizon</span>
and latitude is measured from Earth's <span style="color: windowtext;">equator</span>,
we measure declination from the "<span style="color: windowtext;">celestial
equator</span>" defined this way. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Latitude is measured from the Earth's equator, declination
is measured North (<b>+</b>) and South (<b>-</b>) from the celestial equator.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Just as a longitude is measured from
the Greenwich meridian,
right ascension is
measured from the Vernal
Equinox. This being the
point in the sky where the sun crosses the Celestial Equator going north, we
call the moment in time this happens, the Vernal Equinox.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> Also, as
longitude is related to time zones, right ascension is related to sidereal time.
For convenience, right ascension is computed in hours, minutes and seconds
instead of degrees.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Leap years<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Since a year has been designated as 365 days, a day
is added every 4 years to even things out. That year is called a "Leap
Year" and occurs on years divisible by 4, such as 2004. The extra day in a
leap year is added in February.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Actually, the period is slightly less than 365.25
days. Thus a leap year is any year divisible by 4, except for years that are
both divisible by 100 and not divisible by 400. Therefore, the year 2000 was a
leap year, but the years 1700, 1800 and 1900 were not. That is complicated, but
then again, who wants things easy?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">References<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Armitage, Angus (1951). <i>The
World of Copernicus</i>. New York, NY: Mentor Books. (p. 51.) </span><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2010/05/22/world/AP-EU-Poland-Copernicus-Reburied.html" style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue;">Astronomer Copernicus Reburied as Hero (New York Times, 22
May 2010)</span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Barbara Bieńkowska (1973). <i>The
Scientific World of Copernicus: On the Occasion of the 500th Anniversary of His Birth, 1473–1973. Springer. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number"><span style="color: blue;">ISBN</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-277-0353-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-277-0353-1"><span style="color: blue;">90-277-0353-1</span></a>.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bernard Cohen (1985). Harvard College Press.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bruhns,
Christian (1876) (in German). "<a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:ADB:Copernicus,_Nicolaus" title="de:s:ADB:Copernicus, Nicolaus"><span style="color: blue;">Copernicus,
Nicolaus</span></a>". In <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgemeine_Deutsche_Biographie" title="Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie"><span style="color: blue;">Allgemeine
Deutsche Biographie</span></a></i> (ADB). <b>4</b>. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 461–469 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Burleigh, Michael (1988). <i>Germany turns eastwards. A study of
Ostforschung in the Third </i></span><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Reich</span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">. CUP Archive. pp. 60,
133, 280. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number"><span style="color: blue;">ISBN</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-35120-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-35120-0"><span style="color: blue;">0-521-35120-0</span></a>.</span></span><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04352b.htm" style="background-color: white;"><i><span style="color: blue;">Catholic Encyclopedia</span></i></a><span style="background-color: white;">. </span><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105759"><span style="color: blue;">“Copernicus, Nicolaus"</span></a>. <i>Encyclopædia
Britannica Online</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Retrieved 2007-09-21.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">“<a href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/136591/Nicolaus-Copernicus"><span style="color: blue;">Copernicus, Nicolaus"</span></a>. <i>Encyclopædia
Britannica Online</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-21.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">"<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Copernicus, Nicolaus", <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana"><span style="color: blue;">Encyclopedia Americana</span></a></i>,
1986, vol. 7, pp. 755–56.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Coyne, George V., S.J. (2005).
<i>The Church's Most Recent Attempt to Dispel the Galileo Myth</i>. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicus#Reference-McMullin-2005"><span style="color: blue;">McMullin (2005, pp.340–59)</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Danielson, Dennis Richard (2006). <i>The First Copernican: Georg Joachim
Rheticus and the </i></span><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Rise of the Copernican Revolution</span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">. New York: Walker &
Company. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number"><span style="color: blue;">ISBN</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8027-1530-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8027-1530-3"><span style="color: blue;">0-8027-</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: blue;"> </span><span style="color: blue;">1530-3</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Davies, Norman (2005). <i>God's playground. A History of Poland in Two
Volumes</i>. Oxford </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">University Press. p. 20. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number"><span style="color: blue;">ISBN</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-925340-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-925340-4"><span style="color: blue;">0-19-925340-4</span></a>.</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Davies,
Norman</span></a>(1982,), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God%27s_Playground" title="God's Playground"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">God's
Playground: A History of Poland</span></a></i>, 2 vols., New York, Columbia University Press, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231043279"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ISBN
0-231-04327-9</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">DeMarco, Peter (13 April 2004). <a href="http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2004/04/13/book_quest_took_him_around_the_globe/"><span style="color: blue;">"<i>Book quest took him around the globe</i>"</span></a>.
<i>Boston Globe</i>. </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Retrieved 2008-01-14.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">di Bono, Mario (1995).
"Copernicus, Amico, Fracastoro and Ṭūsï's Device: Observations on the Use and Transmission of a
Model". <i>Journal for the History of Astronomy</i> <b>xxvi</b>:133–54. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode"><span style="color: blue;">Bibcode</span></a> <a href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JHA....26..133D"><span style="color: blue;">1995JHA....26..133D</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dobrzycki, Jerzy, and Leszek Hajdukiewicz, "Kopernik,
Mikołaj," <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polski_s%C5%82ownik_biograficzny" title="Polski słownik biograficzny"><span style="color: blue;">Polski słownik </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: blue;"> </span><span style="color: blue;">biograficzny</span></a></i> (Polish Biographical Dictionary), vol. XIV, Wrocław, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Polish Academy of Sciences"><span style="color: blue;">Polish Academy </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: blue;"> </span><span style="color: blue;">of Sciences</span></a>,
1969, pp. 3–16.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Donald H. Kobe,( 1998) <i>Copernicus and Martin Luther: An Encounter
Between Science and </i></span><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Religion</span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> American Journal of Physics, March Volume 66,
Issue 3, pp. 190</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._L._E._Dreyer" title="J. L. E. Dreyer"><span style="color: blue;">Dreyer, John Louis Emil</span></a>
(1953) [1905]. <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/historyofplaneta00dreyuoft"><i><span style="color: blue;">A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler</span></i></a>.
New </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">York, NY: Dover Publications.</span></span><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">p.319)</span><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Easton, Adam (21 November
2008). <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7740908.stm"><span style="color: blue;">"Polish tests 'confirm Copernicus'"</span></a>. <i>BBC
News</i>.Retrieved 2010- 01-18.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Edward Rosen(1960),<i>Calvin's Attitude Toward Copernicus</i> Journal of
the History of Ideas,</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Vol. 21, No. 3 (Jul. – Sep., 1960), pp. 431–441 Published by: University of </span> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Pennsylvania Press</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><i><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Exercitations concerning the Name, Original, Nature, Use, and Continuance
of a Day of </span></i><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Sacred Rest</span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">, Exercitation II = An
Exposition of the Epistle to the Hebrews, </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Exercitation XXXVI, section 16 (<i>Works</i>, London, 1850–1855;
re-issued, Edinburgh, </span> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">1862, XIX, 310).</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Fantoli, Annibale (2005). <i>The Disputed Injunction and its Role in
Galileo's Trial</i>. In </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="color: blue;">McMullin (2005, pp.117–49)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (2010). <i>Defending Copernicus and Galileo:
Critical Reasoning in </i></span><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">the Two Affairs</span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">.
Springer Science & Business Media.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (1989). <i>The Galileo Affair: A Documentary
History</i>. Berkeley, CA:</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> University of California Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number"><span style="color: blue;">ISBN</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06662-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06662-6"><span style="color: blue;">0-520-06662-6</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Finocchiaro <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicus#Reference-Finocchiaro-1989"><span style="color: blue;">(1989,</span></a> Decree of the General Congregation of the
Index, 5 March 1616,</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">translated from the Latin .
pp.148–149) An <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070930013053/http:/astro.wcupa.edu/mgagne/ess362/resources/finocchiaro.html#indexdecree"><span style="color: blue;">on-line copy</span></a> of Finocchiaro's translation </span> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">has been made available by Gagné <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicus#Reference-Gagne-2005"><span style="color: blue;">(2005)</span></a>.</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gagné, Marc (2005). <span style="color: blue;">"Texts from <i>The Galileo Affair: A Documentary
History</i> edited and </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: blue;"> </span><span style="color: blue;">translated by Maurice A. Finocchiaro"</span>. West
Chester University course ESS 362/562 </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">in History of Astronomy. Archived from <a href="http://astro.wcupa.edu/mgagne/ess362/resources/finocchiaro.html"><span style="color: blue;">the original</span></a> on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2008-</span> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">01-15. (Extracts from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicus#Reference-Finocchiaro-1989"><span style="color: blue;">Finocchiaro (1989)</span></a>)<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Gingerich" title="Owen Gingerich"><span style="color: blue;">Gingerich, Owen</span></a>
(2004). <i>The Book Nobody Read</i>. London: William Heinemann. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number"><span style="color: blue;">ISBN</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-434-01315-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-434-01315-3"><span style="color: blue;">0-</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: blue;"> </span><span style="color: blue;">434- 01315-3</span></a>.
(</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">p. 143.)<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Goddu, André (2010). <a href="http://books.google.com.au/books?id=iEjk13-1xSYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i><span style="color: blue;">Copernicus and the Aristotelian tradition</span></i></a>.
Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number"><span style="color: blue;">ISBN</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18107-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18107-6"><span style="color: blue;">978-90-04-18107-6</span></a>.
Pp <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">245–6}}</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_C._Goodman&action=edit&redlink=1" title="David C. Goodman (page does not exist)"><span style="color: blue;">Goodman,
David C.</span></a>; Russell, Colin A. (1991). <i>The Rise of Scientific
Europe, 1500–1800</i>. Hodder Arnold
H&S. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number"><span style="color: blue;">ISBN</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-55861-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-55861-X"><span style="color: blue;">0-340-55861-X</span></a>.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.L._Heath" title="T.L. Heath"><span style="color: blue;">Heath, Sir Thomas</span></a> (1913). <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/aristarchusofsam00heatuoft"><i><span style="color: blue;">Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus ; a
history of Greek astronomy to
Aristarchus, together with Aristarchus's Treatise on the sizes and distances of the s<span style="background-color: white;">un and moon : a new
Greek text with translation and notes</span></span></i></a><span style="background-color: white;">. London: Oxford University Press.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background-color: white;">Heilbron, John L. (2005). <i>Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after
Galileo</i>. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicus#Reference-McMullin-2005"><span style="color: blue;">McMullin (2005, </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: blue;"> </span><span style="color: blue;">pp.279–322)</span></a>.</span><span style="background-color: lime;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Hoskin, Michael A., <i>The
Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy</i>, Cambridge, England, Cambridge University Press, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521576008"><span style="color: blue;">ISBN 0-521-57600-8</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Huff" title="Toby Huff"><span style="color: blue;">Huff, Toby E</span></a> (2010). <a href="http://books.google.com.au/books?id=xNSPo_Xda_0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i><span style="color: blue;">Intellectual Curiosity and the Scientific Revolution: A
Global Perspective</span></i></a>.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number"><span style="color: blue;">ISBN</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-17052-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-17052-9"><span style="color: blue;">978-0-521-17052-9</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Jeremi Wasiutyński(2003), <i>The
Solar Mystery: An Inquiry Into the Temporal and the Eternal Background of the Rise of Modern
Civilization</i>, Solum Forlag, , p. 29. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jerzy Dobrzycki and Leszek Hajdukiewicz,( 1969) "Kopernik,
Mikołaj", <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polski_s%C5%82ownik_biograficzny" title="Polski słownik biograficzny"><span style="color: blue;">Polski słownik </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: blue;"> </span><span style="color: blue;">biograficzny</span></a></i>,
vol. XIV, , p. 11.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Josh Sakolsky(2005), <i>Copernicus
and Modern Astronomy</i>, Rosen Publishing Group, , p. 8.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler"><span style="color: blue;">Koestler, Arthur</span></a>
(1963) [1959]. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sleepwalkers" title="The Sleepwalkers"><span style="color: blue;">The Sleepwalkers</span></a>:
A History of Man's Changing Vision of the </i></span><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Universe</span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">. New York, NY: Grosset &
Dunlap. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number"><span style="color: blue;">ISBN</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-448-00159-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-448-00159-4"><span style="color: blue;">0-448-00159-4</span></a>.
Original edition </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">published by
Hutchinson (1959, London)<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Koeppen, Hans et al. (1973). <i>Nicolaus
Copernicus zum 500. Geburtstag</i>. Böhlau Verlag. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number"><span style="color: blue;">ISBN</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-412-83573-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-412-83573-0"><span style="color: blue;">3-412-83573-0</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Koyr%C3%A9" title="Alexandre Koyré"><span style="color: blue;">Koyré, Alexandre</span></a>
(1973). <i>The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus – Kepler – Borelli</i>. </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number"><span style="color: blue;">ISBN</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-0504-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-0504-1"><span style="color: blue;">0-8014-0504-1</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn"><span style="color: blue;">Kuhn, Thomas</span></a> (1957). <i>The Copernican
Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center"><span style="color: blue;">OCLC</span></a> <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/535467"><span style="color: blue;">535467</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_C._Lindberg" title="David C. Lindberg"><span style="color: blue;">Lindberg, David C.</span></a>;
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_L._Numbers" title="Ronald L. Numbers"><span style="color: blue;">Numbers, Ronald L.</span></a>
(1986). "Beyond War and Peace: A Reappraisal of </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="background-color: white;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">the Encounter between Christianity and Science". <i>Church
History</i> (Cambridge </span> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-color: white;">University Press) <b>55</b></span><span style="background-color: lime;"> (</span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">3):
338–354. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier"><span style="color: blue;">doi</span></a>:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F3166822"><span style="color: blue;">10.2307/3166822</span></a>.
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR"><span style="color: blue;">JSTOR</span></a> <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3166822"><span style="color: blue;">3166822</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Linton, Christopher M. (2004).
<i>From Eudoxus to Einstein—A History of Mathematical Astronomy</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number"><span style="color: blue;">ISBN</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82750-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82750-8"><span style="color: blue;">978-0-521-82750-8</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Manetho; Ptolemy (1964)
[1940]. <i>Manetho Ptolemy <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrabiblos" title="Tetrabiblos"><span style="color: blue;">Tetrabiblos</span></a></i>. Loeb
Classical Library edition, translated
by W.G.Waddell and F.E.Robbins PhD. London: William Heinemann.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Manfred Weissenbacher,(2009) <i>Sources of Power: How Energy Forges
Human History</i>, Praeger, p. 170.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Marian Biskup(1973,), <i>Regesta
Copernicana (calendar of Copernicus' papers)</i>, Ossolineum, p. 16. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">McMullin, Ernan, ed. (2005). <i>The Church and Galileo</i>. Notre Dame,
IN: University of Notre </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Dame Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number"><span style="color: blue;">ISBN</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-268-03483-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-268-03483-4"><span style="color: blue;">0-268-03483-4</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Miłosz, Czesław (1983). <i>The history of Polish literature</i> (2 ed.).
University of California </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Press.
p. 37. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number"><span style="color: blue;">ISBN</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-04477-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-04477-0"><span style="color: blue;">0-520-04477-0</span></a></span>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz" title="Czesław Miłosz"><span style="color: blue;">Miłosz, Czesław</span></a>(1969),
<i>The History of Polish Literature</i>, second edition, Berkeley, University of California Press, , <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520044770"><span style="color: blue;">ISBN 0-520-04477-0</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus_Gesamtausgabe" title="Nicolaus Copernicus Gesamtausgabe"><span style="color: blue;">Nicolaus
Copernicus Gesamtausgabe</span></a></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> (<i>Nicolaus
Copernicus Complete Edition</i>; in German and
Latin; 9 volumes, 1974–2004), various editors, Berlin, Akademie Verlag. A large
collection of writings by and about
Copernicus.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus_Gesamtausgabe" title="Nicolaus Copernicus Gesamtausgabe"><span style="color: blue;">Nicolaus
Copernicus Gesamtausgabe</span></a>: Biographies and Portraits of Copernicus
from 16th to 18th century, <i>Biographia
Copernicana</i>, 2004, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3050038489"><span style="color: blue;">ISBN 3-05-003848-9</span></a> <a href="http://www.gbv.de/dms/goettingen/378203525.pdf"><span style="color: blue;">[25]</span></a>
<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=sFF1nknsxRwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Biographia+Copernicana%22&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0#PPA23,M1"><span style="color: blue;">[26]</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/copernicus/#1"><span style="color: blue;">"Nicolaus Copernicus"</span></a>. <i>Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Retrieved 2007-04-22.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Oxford University Press, (1998.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="background-color: white;">) <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Copernicus, Nicolaus", <i>The Oxford World
Encyclopedia</i>,</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Pierre Gassendi & Olivier
Thill (2002) <i>The Life of Copernicus (1473–1543): The Man Who Did Not Change the World</i>. Xulon
Press, , <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1591601932"><span style="color: blue;">ISBN 1-59160-193-2</span></a>, p. 22. (<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=9r0RfQtpU6AC&pg=PA22&dq=lucas+was+in+more+friendly&lr=&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=lucas%20was%20in%20more%20friendly&f=false"><span style="color: blue;">[16]</span></a>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Prowe" title="Leopold Prowe"><span style="color: blue;">Prowe, Leopold</span></a> (1884) (in German). <a href="http://books.google.com/?id=to0DAAAAYAAJ"><i><span style="color: blue;">Nicolaus
Coppernicus</span></i></a>. Berlin: Weidmannsche Verlagsbuchhandlung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Ptolemy, Claudius (1964)
[1940]. <i>Tetrabiblos</i>. Loeb Classical Library edition, translated by F.E.Robbins PhD. London: William
Heinemann.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Rabin, Sheila (2005). <a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2005/entries/copernicus/"><span style="color: blue;">"<i>Copernicus</i>"</span></a>. The Stanford Encyclopedia
of Philosophy (Summer 2005 Edition),
Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Retrieved 2008-05-26.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Repcheck, Jack (2007). <i>Copernicus' Secret: How the Scientific
Revolution Began</i>. New York: </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Simon & Schuster. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number"><span style="color: blue;">ISBN</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-8951-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-8951-X"><span style="color: blue;">0-7432-8951-X</span></a>.</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> pp. 79, 78,</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rivka Feldhay (1995). <i>Galileo and the Church</i>. Cambridge
University Press.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, Edward (1995). <i>Copernicus and his Successors</i>. London: Hambledon
Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number"><span style="color: blue;">ISBN</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-071-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85285-071-X"><span style="color: blue;">1-</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: blue;"> </span><span style="color: blue;">85285-071-X</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Robert S. Westman (2011). <i>The Copernican Question: Prognostication,
Skepticism, and Celestial Order</i>.
Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rosen, Edward (translator) (2004) [1939]. <i>Three Copernican
Treatises:The Commentariolus </i></span><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">of Copernicus; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Letter_against_Werner" title="The Letter against Werner"><span style="color: blue;">The Letter against
Werner</span></a>; The Narratio Prima of Rheticus</span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> (Second </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Edition, revised ed.). New York, NY: Dover Publications. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number"><span style="color: blue;">ISBN</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-43605-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-43605-5"><span style="color: blue;">0-486-43605-5</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rosen Edward (2003). <i>Copernicus and his successors</i>. Hambledon
Continuum.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rudnicki, Konrad (November–December 2006). <a href="http://southerncrossreview.org/50/rudnicki1.htm"><span style="color: blue;">"The
Genuine Copernican Cosmological </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: blue;"> </span><span style="color: blue;">Principle"</span></a>. <i>Southern Cross Review</i>:
note 2. Retrieved 2010-01-21.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Burton_Russell" title="Jeffrey Burton Russell"><span style="color: blue;">Russell, Jeffrey Burton</span></a>
(1997) [1991]. <i>Inventing the Flat Earth—Columbus and Modern Historians</i>. New York, NY: Praeger. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number"><span style="color: blue;">ISBN</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-95904-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-95904-X"><span style="color: blue;">0-275-95904-X</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Saliba" title="George Saliba"><span style="color: blue;">Saliba, George</span></a> (2009). <a href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8312919"><span style="color: blue;">"Islamic reception of Greek astronomy"</span></a>.
<i>in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicus#CITEREFValls-GabaudBoskenberg2009"><span style="color: blue;">Valls-Gabaud & Boskenberg
(2009)</span></a></i>. pp. 149–65<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Schmauch,
Hans (1957) "<a href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016319/images/index.html?seite=364"><span style="color: blue;">Copernicus, Nicolaus</span></a> ". In <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Biographie" title="Neue Deutsche Biographie"><span style="color: blue;">Neue Deutsche
Biographie</span></a></i> (NDB). <b>3</b>. Berlin:
Duncker & Humblot. pp. 348–355. </span><b><span lang="EN" style="color: #555555; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">(German)</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_de_Santillana" title="Giorgio de Santillana"><span style="color: blue;">de Santillana, Giorgio</span></a>
(1976—Midway reprint) [1955]. <a href="http://books.google.com/?id=RABIZBnf_y4C&printsec=frontcover"><i><span style="color: blue;">The Crime of Galileo</span></i></a>. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number"><span style="color: blue;">ISBN</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-73481-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-73481-1"><span style="color: blue;">0-226-73481-1</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). <a href="http://books.google.com/?id=ANdbpi1WAIQC&pg=PA282&lpg=PA282&dq=royal-prussia"><i><span style="color: blue;">East Central Europe in the Middle Ages 1000–1500</span></i></a>.
University of Washington Press.
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number"><span style="color: blue;">ISBN</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-97290-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-97290-4"><span style="color: blue;">0-295-97290-4</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><i><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">The Columbia Encyclopedia</span></i><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">, (2008). (6<sup>th</sup> eds), Encyclopedia.com. 18 July 2009. <a href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Nicholas_Copernicus.aspx"><span style="color: blue;">"Nicholas </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: blue;"> </span><span style="color: blue;">Copernicus"</span></a>,</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The Great Astronomical
Revolution: 1534–1687 and the Space Age Epilogue</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">. Albion Publishing, 1994, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1898563187"><span style="color: blue;">ISBN 1-898563-18-7</span></a>, pp. 52, 62 (<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=guAUPMLcHyoC&pg=PA62&dq=watzenrode+john+albert+sigismund&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=watzenrode%20john%20albert%20sigismund&f=false"><span style="color: blue;">[15]</span></a>).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The Head Office of State
Archives, Poland, "Copernicus' Biography", accessed 2009-05-22,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Thoren, Victor E. (1990). <a href="http://books.google.com/?id=GxyA-lhWL-AC"><i><span style="color: blue;">The
Lord of Uraniborg</span></i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number"><span style="color: blue;">ISBN</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-35158-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-35158-8"><span style="color: blue;">0-521-35158-8</span></a>.
(A biography of Danish astronomer and alchemist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe"><span style="color: blue;">Tycho Brahe</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.)<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Valls-Gabaud, D.; Boskenberg,
A., eds. (2009). <i>The Role of Astronomy in Society and Culture</i>. Proceedings IAU Symposium No.
260.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Veselovsky, I.N. (1973). "Copernicus and
Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī". <i>Journal for the History of Astronomy</i> <b>iv</b>: 128–30. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode"><span style="color: blue;">Bibcode</span></a> <a href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973JHA.....4..128V"><span style="color: blue;">1973JHA.....4..128V</span></a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Article by
Vincent Oduor Odhiambo-KOdongoh
Timologyvok Founder Member
Copyright material
Property of KOdongoh Educational Publishers(KEP)
E-mail:vincentoduor@ymail.com</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7127062093075158414.post-37563761514871328442013-08-05T16:42:00.000+03:002013-08-05T16:56:35.058+03:00CRUMBLING OF THE INSTITUTION OF MARRIAGE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
The enactment of the new institution and the drafting of the marriage bill is a slow and sure way of eroding the social fabric the Africans attached to the institution of marriage.While it is becoming a sure thing that men are becoming the endangered species and the weaker gender targeted by the constitution to save women from male chauvinism which those who drafted the MARRIAGE BILL had in mind,I must state here without any reservation that it is negating the tenet of natural love and is a recipe of social suspicion whenever members of the opposite sex will interact with each other.The freedom to love and give love naturally is being substituted through the BILL by alien ideas which will only facilitate the indulgence of social myths of accompaniment,call it homosexuality,lesbianism or gay marriage as this will be perceived to be more safe and non-treacherous as the natural love relationship which should exist between the opposite sex.<br />
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I look at a natural relationship that used to exist where people could love and court for as long as it pleases them being ripped off by the MARRIAGE BILL which asserts its authoritative clauses and I cry and sympathise my sisters the female gender.I imagine a situation where men will be extra cautious to commit leave alone indulging in a relationship for fear of being tricked into their little possession ...and escalating rape cases being on the rise this tome perpetuated by women who can not get men to quench their love and thirst in a natural way.<br />
It is quite interesting how just two communities who can not hold on and cherish their marriage institutions are now bulldozing the other forty tribes into the inconceivable in the name of salvaging their social and marital lose of the institution of marriage.Let those who draft this bill be probed and present their facts and case studies before experimenting.Otherwise I am foreseeing a Kenya twenty-twenties being a decadence of social fabric<br />
Subject to so many theories of use and disuse,I know my article may be a subject of criticism but I only wish you could take your time to contemplate and meditate upon this before you thrush my idea aside.</div>
</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Article by
Vincent Oduor Odhiambo-KOdongoh
Timologyvok Founder Member
Copyright material
Property of KOdongoh Educational Publishers(KEP)
E-mail:vincentoduor@ymail.com</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7127062093075158414.post-51391529460818764292013-03-06T10:46:00.001+03:002013-03-06T10:46:05.860+03:00TIMOLOGY: This is the Submission Moment<a href="http://timologyvok.blogspot.com/2013/03/this-is-submission-moment.html?spref=bl">TIMOLOGY: This is the Submission Moment</a>: When the preparations seems to be done, anxiety runs high as the moment of waiting sets precedent.When the expectations delay and tensions ...<br />
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Article by
Vincent Oduor Odhiambo-KOdongoh
Timologyvok Founder Member
Copyright material
Property of KOdongoh Educational Publishers(KEP)
E-mail:vincentoduor@ymail.com</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7127062093075158414.post-82892468736252530232013-03-06T10:29:00.002+03:002013-03-06T10:29:25.795+03:00This is the Submission Moment<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
When the preparations seems to be done, anxiety runs high as the moment of waiting sets precedent.When the expectations delay and tensions builds frustration sets in When the game appears tough we yield to social submission moment.As both the competitors,voters,observers and and the electoral body wait anxiously for the <span style="color: lime;"><b>Final Total Submission Moment</b></span> when the official results will be announced,it is imperative and inevitable to use the instrument of peace to guide our thoughts,our arguments,our submission and our acceptance of results of the general election in Kenya.The continuity of our existence and activities is a reality which is inevitable and must take centre stage as we are interacting in the stage of democracy and choice of our destiny. Congratulations Kenyan electorates for you have made your choice.Be and remain peaceful as you wait for the verdict.Long live Kenya,Long live my motherland!</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Article by
Vincent Oduor Odhiambo-KOdongoh
Timologyvok Founder Member
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Property of KOdongoh Educational Publishers(KEP)
E-mail:vincentoduor@ymail.com</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7127062093075158414.post-15787774765962983402013-02-10T09:43:00.002+03:002013-02-10T09:43:30.630+03:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://www.imagehousing.com/image/429767" rel="nofollow nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.727272033691406px; line-height: 15.454545021057129px;" target="_blank">http://www.imagehousing.com/<wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block;"></span>image/429767</a></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Article by
Vincent Oduor Odhiambo-KOdongoh
Timologyvok Founder Member
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E-mail:vincentoduor@ymail.com</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7127062093075158414.post-81759033340325439532012-07-15T15:53:00.001+03:002012-07-15T16:18:46.710+03:00The Fear of My Job Is Greater Than The Love For Me<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlJZVLIxBNoBhluqIJ1Mnt8Z2Y-v9_pybP5eBzKVIhYmsdqz6468_a37faD9AZ7vnRSVyvI6Ji1Noq642OkAa0Clh_E4G-4HRgeX7W_sUUTyFYWabHLzL5E36mdpitcZ3yL-SYLXZpQEo/s1600/Unconditional+Love.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlJZVLIxBNoBhluqIJ1Mnt8Z2Y-v9_pybP5eBzKVIhYmsdqz6468_a37faD9AZ7vnRSVyvI6Ji1Noq642OkAa0Clh_E4G-4HRgeX7W_sUUTyFYWabHLzL5E36mdpitcZ3yL-SYLXZpQEo/s1600/Unconditional+Love.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: magenta;"><b><i>Unconditional Love</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">I have just realized that the fear of what I do for a living has a great bearing for the amount of love I can receive from my the ladies I befriend.I am ignored and wished away because of the discovery that I swim in the world of books and the saying </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: magenta;"><b>"We always ignore the ones who adore us,and adore the ones who ignore us"</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;">becomes live and very true.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;">When the fear of who I am is greater than the love you have for me puts me in a precarious position to begin question why I had to know you in the first place.Why must I be a subject of prejudice.Why must my professional position be an issue of concern to the feelings of submission.Why must I be an object of hate simply because of the hatred you have for the profession I am involved in.We started as friends and it blossomed into love and on realizing that I belong to one of the profession looked down upon in society I am asked for a break....</span></div>
</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Article by
Vincent Oduor Odhiambo-KOdongoh
Timologyvok Founder Member
Copyright material
Property of KOdongoh Educational Publishers(KEP)
E-mail:vincentoduor@ymail.com</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7127062093075158414.post-74880015147602318842012-07-02T21:28:00.000+03:002023-09-12T20:39:22.400+03:00The Romantic Jealousy<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR4_nd2wmvE7k-ijkCzR2WH55_W-I18EEGvwojkG_nOjkr8O73Om6NnaE_ePuntw8JkcjRpJ2h6LIlKqmKUqR-GiZ_-AYaiKeKbs2SAFBOgSWHIBOPyu0XNf8PDmk2K29lByimgkYSWiI/s1600/The+strength+of+friendship.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR4_nd2wmvE7k-ijkCzR2WH55_W-I18EEGvwojkG_nOjkr8O73Om6NnaE_ePuntw8JkcjRpJ2h6LIlKqmKUqR-GiZ_-AYaiKeKbs2SAFBOgSWHIBOPyu0XNf8PDmk2K29lByimgkYSWiI/s1600/The+strength+of+friendship.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Simple comments or show a genuine concern and you are ditched and accused of jealousy,It had happened to me twice.First the word was "Really" and this had an irritating effect and was accused of an attempt to monitor or controlling somebody's life....Then a genuine concern just to know if the interaction could be annoying then I was accused of jealousy...the rest is history..</span></div>
</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Article by
Vincent Oduor Odhiambo-KOdongoh
Timologyvok Founder Member
Copyright material
Property of KOdongoh Educational Publishers(KEP)
E-mail:vincentoduor@ymail.com</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7127062093075158414.post-80769011026053699102012-06-20T22:52:00.001+03:002023-09-12T20:39:38.745+03:00Drinking From The Cup Of Love...<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
If drinking from the cup of your love will make me be loved for life then I will not hesitate </div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Article by
Vincent Oduor Odhiambo-KOdongoh
Timologyvok Founder Member
Copyright material
Property of KOdongoh Educational Publishers(KEP)
E-mail:vincentoduor@ymail.com</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7127062093075158414.post-26374342881699609232012-06-17T20:29:00.000+03:002012-06-18T22:25:10.424+03:00Claiming Your Love<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiamqc6yYds0untJ-lGfDQlH6MiJEr8oTMFFdgwCaxOcKPRgmgsZVob-WN_sTSf7a7hWaGAerHqVr_rRh76x1K7mZvKz5oMOxuNf0t8QB6xnZsBi0Nl0YgOwJ9JuRy7Y45BtxnlVN-1PBI/s1600/What+love+is.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiamqc6yYds0untJ-lGfDQlH6MiJEr8oTMFFdgwCaxOcKPRgmgsZVob-WN_sTSf7a7hWaGAerHqVr_rRh76x1K7mZvKz5oMOxuNf0t8QB6xnZsBi0Nl0YgOwJ9JuRy7Y45BtxnlVN-1PBI/s320/What+love+is.jpg" width="310" /></a></div>
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"<b><i><span style="color: magenta;">When You See The Clouds Gathering In The Sky,Prepare To Catch the Waters"</span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
How does one begin to? It begins with the sense of belonging and characterized by true feelings ,passions and the desires There are always these passionate feelings emanating from the desires of love.The feeling of true friendship where both tell each other secrets without hiding anything from each other.The feeling of appreciation and thankfulness for the little things in love that really count and build love.The feeling of confidence where you both truly tell and confide in each other their internal make-believes The feeling of care and belongings.The feelings of romancing the whole heart and body in love.<br />
This is the moment that you need to claim your feelings and take your love by signing your name across the heart of your beloved as is the same with the partner.As you endeavours to claim your love always remember</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: magenta;"><b><i>"Do not give away your Heart too easily.Give only the maps to find it then wait to see who follows it.This way you can claim your love"</i></b></span></blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
You are in no doubt that you have fallen in love either by design or by sheer coincidence.Knowing in the <b><a href="http://timologyvok.blogspot.com/2011/01/romantic-submission-moment.html" target="_blank">The Romantic Submission Moment</a></b> point of view is only a facility to claiming what feel should be yours to cherish,to loathe and to cherish.To be loved by and to love the heart that has signals of hope and potentials of wiping <b>The Stains of Rejection</b> and removing the S<b>hadows of Doubt</b> that have always lingered and haunted you for sometimes could be proving to have contained a lot that you desires and prescribe to in the name of love as you follow what your heart desires.<br />
I would wish to echo that<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="color: magenta;">"Water that has been begged for does not quench the thirst"</span></i></b></blockquote>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Article by
Vincent Oduor Odhiambo-KOdongoh
Timologyvok Founder Member
Copyright material
Property of KOdongoh Educational Publishers(KEP)
E-mail:vincentoduor@ymail.com</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7127062093075158414.post-14900503016809850792012-06-16T21:53:00.000+03:002012-06-17T08:46:09.368+03:00If Love is So Sweet, Why Does it Hurt So Much?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3L51eGhyphenhyphen-a5e5kPUQTK53toxaGKdcmVzehergqnL9_d6QSZEHeHSWVSfqjXOvEOov5McagdRRHTc6NvCroB_YM2x69mN6ZOVsvQVRq5Vjf1IRRY21Pk4Q_n1XCedP0wrpmMXUWhddFHI/s1600/A+Contrite+heart.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3L51eGhyphenhyphen-a5e5kPUQTK53toxaGKdcmVzehergqnL9_d6QSZEHeHSWVSfqjXOvEOov5McagdRRHTc6NvCroB_YM2x69mN6ZOVsvQVRq5Vjf1IRRY21Pk4Q_n1XCedP0wrpmMXUWhddFHI/s1600/A+Contrite+heart.jpg" /></a></div>
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<i><b><span style="color: magenta;">Are We genuine in What We Do?</span></b></i></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">There has always been this question:<b>If Love is So Sweet,Why Does it Hurt So Much? </b>Many attempts to provide an answer to thr question and sample out a few answers to the the question<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>According to </b>Jackline Kevin </span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">"<b><span style="color: magenta;">Everyone says that LOVE hurts.But that's not true.Loneliness hurts,rejection hurts,losing someone you love hurts.Everyone confuses these with love.But in reality love is the only thing in this world that covers up all the pain and makes us feel wonderful again!"</span></b></span> </blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
While I share the same sentiment with Jacky I must state that she lists to be hurting are the stains of bitterness that <b><a href="http://timologyvok.blogspot.com/2012/06/the-sweetness-of-love.html" target="_blank">the sweetness of love</a></b> wipes out.When this is done you feel so sweet ,so rejuvenated that you feel a sense of re-birth.It has its own tribulation and fantasies. </div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Article by
Vincent Oduor Odhiambo-KOdongoh
Timologyvok Founder Member
Copyright material
Property of KOdongoh Educational Publishers(KEP)
E-mail:vincentoduor@ymail.com</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7127062093075158414.post-85247012068592774552012-06-16T09:19:00.000+03:002012-06-16T12:47:43.240+03:00The Sweetness Of Love<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9Rsd-jxRNcYNVvP_prKn2KwOG_yolj2tjFLzkgOkV8UPXEs10kr6lE0g7RhyphenhyphenionuTi-GZNM55sJNBEPt-N9StQtGvBVGQOIUD4pUbvGrszPdURXWLJ46NaWshWGheSOnjt6ht1QSEvqw/s1600/Deeply+in+Love.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9Rsd-jxRNcYNVvP_prKn2KwOG_yolj2tjFLzkgOkV8UPXEs10kr6lE0g7RhyphenhyphenionuTi-GZNM55sJNBEPt-N9StQtGvBVGQOIUD4pUbvGrszPdURXWLJ46NaWshWGheSOnjt6ht1QSEvqw/s320/Deeply+in+Love.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i><b><span style="color: magenta;">The sweetness of Love</span></b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>The Sweetness of Love</b> often surpasses and subdues the <b>Waves of Hatred</b> as you succumb and submits to the feelings of love and follow the desires of your heart.This often is a powerful phenomenon whose resultant effect wipes out the stains of bitterness</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
When you come face to face with the realities of the situation of love on the ground,often there is less doubt that you will always have the <i><b>Push and Pull</b></i> effect of love to open its doors and this culminates to varieties of attitudes ranging from self sacrifice,self denial,risk-taking to letting go,total surrender and the <b>will-crossing</b> to the social front</div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></span></div>
</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Article by
Vincent Oduor Odhiambo-KOdongoh
Timologyvok Founder Member
Copyright material
Property of KOdongoh Educational Publishers(KEP)
E-mail:vincentoduor@ymail.com</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7127062093075158414.post-6513646350071400672012-06-13T04:17:00.000+03:002012-06-17T08:55:23.954+03:00Walking In The Shadow Of Love<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: blue;">Look at this:You bump into a relationship,you craft and built what you believe should be perfect love , safeguard it by protecting it and giving it your best commitment,you strive to following the desires of your heart.you endeavour to giving it the sacrifice of the time and the donation of space,giving it your all,only to realize at the <b>breaking moment</b> and <b>the submission moment</b> that you were walking in somebody's <b>shadow of love</b>.It has happened to me several times whenever you land a relationship and you show it the commitment and to realize that you was watching or participating in a Romantic Movie. When you are about to enjoy bits and bites of love and subscribe to the sweetness of the fountain of love,You realize that it is too good to be real</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">Sometime a simple and silly human error of not calling as frequently as used to be,or calling very frequently or commenting on what irritates the recipient,sending an a text message which literally apppears ambiguous to the recipient or even trying to find a lot of what the lover believes is a lot of unnecessary detailed information. ......</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">Sometimes I do not understand the requirements of love.When you appear so much indifferent the needs and material needs of your new-found love,you are dubbed mean.When you support freely and readily,you are quickly taken advantage of and tall orders placed on your path.here if you fail to honour then you become a valueless friend to and dropped like a hot potato.It is claimed you are vulnerable.When you do not come out easily from your cocoon of love then you are told someone is tired of phone love "Nimechoka na mapenzi ya simu"The digital romance is akin to the material gain and the value accrued so much that the patties involved must be ready and be prepared save a fortune in order to satisfy and sustain it as they subscribe to the ideals of this love.I stand to be corrected but th true picture is that one lover usually makes unnecessary demands in the belief that life is so sweet that it must be lived to the fullest advantage and do not even care dying young.They retort:</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: magenta;">"I better live comfortably like a King only for ten years on Earth rather than living a hundred years like a slave"</span></blockquote>
</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Article by
Vincent Oduor Odhiambo-KOdongoh
Timologyvok Founder Member
Copyright material
Property of KOdongoh Educational Publishers(KEP)
E-mail:vincentoduor@ymail.com</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7127062093075158414.post-1086465366518440672012-06-10T19:09:00.000+03:002012-06-17T08:35:15.342+03:00The Pain of Love<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i><b><span style="color: magenta;">When All Your Friends Disappears</span></b></i></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Love is a concortion to the disturbed heart and a remorse for those in a romantic quagmire.Admittedly love is so sweet yet love is also more painful and hurting when you have really invested in and done a lot to build the relationship,when you do look straight and stay forecast at what you have got while a little misunderstanding or a silly mistake has the power or eroding and bringing down the <b>Labours of Love</b>.On the <b><a href="http://timologyvok.blogspot.com/2011/01/quest-of-love.html" target="_blank">Quest Of Love</a></b> there is the realization that love requires a lot of sacrifice and self-denial sometimes you give it your all-your very best depending on <b><a href="http://timologyvok.blogspot.com/2012/04/choice-of-love.html" target="_blank">The Choice Of Love</a></b>.You are building on the understanding that love requires a commitment and a desire to let go other things that could pose a challenge to the status quo.Your attitude to this love is that love requires risk-taking free will attitude and when all these have been done and the emptiness solicited by the love triangle is what one gets,then the tribulation of love and romantic quagmire sets in. You realize its hollowness-Its pain.You feel like you were chasing the wind and the <b>Whispers of Hatred</b> become louder than the <b>Echoes of love</b> Read<b> <a href="http://timologysocialnetworks.blogspot.com/2011/12/timology-echoes-of-hatred.html" target="_blank">The Echoes of Hatred</a> </b>and see what I mean</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">When there has been <b><a href="http://timologyvok.blogspot.com/2011/01/romantic-submission-moment.html" target="_blank">The Romantic Submission Moment</a></b> with the crossing of a social front where one considers oneself a winner and a participant in the <b>Game of Romance</b> only to realize the solitude of being dumped and given the polite request of giving a break then the bitterness of what would otherwise be a presumptive naked truth then the better pills of love begin to be digested in the heart.Often one heart bleeds in the pain of loving the unlovable at the moment and duration of place.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In a Love Triangle</b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">,the pain of loving somebody who loves somebody else is so great and yet so sharp and double-edged that it cuts and chops into pieces both the heart and the soul of the affected.The </span><b style="line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://timologyvok.blogspot.com/2012/03/mind-as-object-of-love.html" target="_blank">Mind As An Object of Love</a></b><span style="line-height: 115%;"> suffers a great </span><span style="line-height: 19px;">deal This</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> is so great when you realize that there are or come face to face with the skeletons in the closet.One is left with a bleeding heart and a limping physique that one feels cheated and abandoned.You feel cheated and used like an old dry bone which has been licked and licked and shined on and rained on </span></span><span style="line-height: 19px;">until</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> no dog is interested in.No doubt you feel helpless like a slave being auctioned.You feel like a pauper and a servant in the reigning Royal Kingdom of Love with what you thought was the King or Queen of your heart having signed in somebody else' heart.You resign to the hands of the unknown fate and wait for the dark moment hoping that the ray of beginning afresh will dawn to give you a new lease of life to find a new solace solace.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I had one posted that</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: magenta; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>There comes a time when one is torn between the desire to achieve love and the disillusionment that there are certain limits to this and the rejection that would later accompany this-Somebody digitally referred to this as sexual harassment.The greatest mess is when one uses unrestrained generosity to break through the barriers in the name of support, and once trust sets in unrealistic demands sets in and when there is a pillar of doubt or failure to meet the demand then you are dropped like a hot potato and deserted for those whose love relationship have accrued benefits.It is always good to wait until things relax.This way you can always provide others with great understanding and patience.Otherwise it is always the innocent who are mistaken.</b></span></blockquote>
Perhaps one would ask what could be these feelings of pain.Realistically,the feeling of lose,the feeling of inadequacy,the feeling of uselessness and the feeling of abandonment are the signs and symptoms of the Pain of Love.<br />
Somehow the realities of the choice of Love sets in as your eyes open up after the the episode</div>
</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Article by
Vincent Oduor Odhiambo-KOdongoh
Timologyvok Founder Member
Copyright material
Property of KOdongoh Educational Publishers(KEP)
E-mail:vincentoduor@ymail.com</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7127062093075158414.post-37986978554938685632012-06-09T15:59:00.000+03:002012-06-17T08:58:53.094+03:00The Tribulation of Being A Substitute Lover<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The Shrills and thrills of love with the chills and fills of its tribulations sometimes beats the logical reasoning of the analog brain and the digital understanding of the modern youth about the phenomenon of love.I find this thing called Love which is a universally cherished activity,sometimes so sweet and sometimes hurting so much that it leaves hearts bleeding with regrets and hatred,buoyed by annoyance and embarrassment,punctuated by frustrations and inner conflicts and filled with contempts and lowness among other complementarities.I just wonder why this thing called love should be existing in the first place.<br />
While I take a mirror reflection of Love to be like a game of football which thrills and soothes, I must admit that sometimes it annoys when your favourite player is not clicking or if your expectation of the game in general is not forthcoming or there is a mixed-up in the field.This is followed by shaking and shrieking of the expectations.That is the time you would wish that those substitute players on the bench or touched line are given a chance to play a second fiddle just in case one of the first eleven players gets exhausted or gets injured or is yellow-carded.<br />
Whenever such an opportunity avails itself,the substituted player tries to give his best sometimes exuding unnatural strength and stamina just to show that he or she was the best alternative.He goes to the extent of outwitting and over showing the spectators or convincing the captain and the coach his already doubted prowess and skills.Just like a coach and funs and other spectators get irritated so fast over trivialities and simple silly mistakes,which are sometimes not well understood,this is the fanaticism associated with the game and sometimes the outcomes become disastrous or tragic.The situation is usually made worse when there is a high value attached to the game.<br />
Whenever we engage in a game,there is the simple <b>reason for enjoyment</b>.Other reasons surface from the periphery.As you sample out this wall post by one of my networks reflect on what Deutronomy 29:29 would say:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b><span style="color: magenta;">Life is short and we need to enjoy it to the fullest,this depends on what we do with it and people around us.Find friends who can help you grow and once you realize you have friends who do not add value to your life drop them like a hot potato</span></b> </blockquote>
This was soon followed by two reactionary comments from two facebook friends Out of good gesture and without any malice they commented not knowing what the repercussions would be.The first facebook friend said <span style="color: blue;">"Talking"</span> The second one said <span style="color: blue;">"Which kind of value.There'r many cn u come clear n specify 4 us.</span>The third friend retorted by flagging but not specifying to which post as <span style="color: blue;">"Very Interesting" </span>The next morning the following message was posted and the proud wall owner ducked into silence or can I call holding a secret weapon A hide-and -seek game to drop the bombshell in the name of freedom and responsibility.What followed next is history which led to a bleeding of a wound for saying "Very Interesting" This was quite unfair.</div>
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By all rooks and crooks this was the <b>Desire of The Heart</b> of the writer and the perception of the role of friendship in life.One is entitled to a free thought and free interaction as has been put and no one is challenging or questioning this.I am only thinking aloud about why these tribulations of love,more or so when one is to be a substitute in the affairs of the heart.These are just but the tribulation of being a substitute lover.You are easily substituted at the convenience of the other.This is on the strength of the perception of the gains and benefits that would accrue from the relationship.Just like in the game of football,it is all to facilitate a win and when a player loses value.He is dumped or sold off and a substitute is engaged.<br />
Being denied a chance to say or defend oneself or explain ones reactions and behaviour often leads to getting substitute outlet for expression of thought and this perhaps include composing a song,writing a newspaper article,blogging or even writing a poem or a verse on the same.Before you become critical on expression of interest on the tribulations of love,sometimes it calls for an understanding and a second thought and appreciation of the media used for pouring out the tribulations.<br />
Where as this blog is purely for social interaction and passing knowledge for humanity,There is the risk and threat of censure or being flagged as a spam from the digital mind(s) because of the role being played by the blog.If one could be offended by this post,please just ignore and wait to see what would happen next.<br />
A Benjamin Disraeli once retorted that:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: magenta;"><b>"We are all born for love.It is the principle of existence,and its only end"-Benjamin Disraeli</b></span></blockquote>
He would have otherwise used his analog line of thinking to come up with this which might not be appreciated by majority visitors or pageviewers but I have to appreciate the strength of his wisdom and say friendship is not about benefits accrued but a give-and-take activity characterised by appreciation coming from its gainful nature.If this is lacking,frustrations and tribulations sets in.It is herein that debate begins.What is your take?</div>
</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Article by
Vincent Oduor Odhiambo-KOdongoh
Timologyvok Founder Member
Copyright material
Property of KOdongoh Educational Publishers(KEP)
E-mail:vincentoduor@ymail.com</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7127062093075158414.post-11635684072620916642012-05-27T18:18:00.000+03:002012-06-17T08:41:05.602+03:00An Object Of Hope<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">There comes a time when our world seems to turn upside down,our brains seems to refuse to think any more,our friends are no longer there for us at the time of need or close to us any more.That moment when everything seems to loose its meaning is the moment to reckon and see who truely is with you.That moment when your achievement appears to be watered down and are not holding any meaning any more.It is the time when the fear of the inevitable overwhelms and subdues the traces of love and friendship.It is the moment that that seeming so ordinary and near useless friend who drops on your way becomes your greatest asset.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">He becomes a beacon of hope and a light of true friendship......This is the situation where love becomes an object of hope</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">When I refer to a week's thought-<b>Remember to Forget!</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px;"><b><span style="color: magenta;">"Achievements often come when we</span></b></span></div>
<b><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Forget our fears and try;</span></span></span></b></div>
<b><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">For that's when we accomplish what</span></span></span></b></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="line-height: 19px;">We're most remembered by."</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 19px;">~ Charles Ghigna.</span></div>
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</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Article by
Vincent Oduor Odhiambo-KOdongoh
Timologyvok Founder Member
Copyright material
Property of KOdongoh Educational Publishers(KEP)
E-mail:vincentoduor@ymail.com</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7127062093075158414.post-58761176797950108642012-05-26T16:42:00.001+03:002012-05-28T17:54:09.405+03:00Love As An Instrument of Peace<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: magenta;"><b><i>"The Interaction of message of Love for World Peace"</i></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Throughout my interaction and contribution in Timology as a Social Interaction Site I have always desired,wished and wanted to be,or project an </span></span><b style="line-height: 19px;">Image of Understanding</b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"> in the social environment awash by confusions in life;an </span></span><b style="line-height: 19px;">Object of Love</b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"> where social Conflict has been made the recipe of existence a </span></span><b style="line-height: 19px;"> r</b></span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px;">ay </b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b style="line-height: 19px;">of Hope</b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"> to all the souls and hearts that have drowned in the sea of societal ills and an </span></span><b style="line-height: 19px;">Epitome of Happiness</b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"> to those souls I have ever touched.Yes,I have always desired and dreamed to be a </span></span><span style="line-height: 19px;">harbinger</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"> of joy to those that have found happiness in their relationship and a </span></span></span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px;">Beacon</b><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px;"> of Satisfaction</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"> to those that have </span></span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px;">fulfilled their loves</b><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">While I might not have been able to get what I desire and hold on so much and cherish in life(Love) and my heart could be bleeding internally and individually the irony is that I derive a lot of joy and pleasure when I realize that people draw a lot from my wealth of contribution-<span style="color: #6aa84f;"><b>This is all the reason why my heart could be bleeding when peace ls lurking and limping on the road of life and corridors of love</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">I wish to make a reflection on one of my greatest Scholars on social issues of romance who once quoted:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><b>"Love is the master key that opens the gates of happiness"</b></span>-<b>Oliver Wendell Holmes</b> and I wish to echo this by saying that a social interaction tool which begets happiness and unity with the overall effect of creating and cementing peace</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Love is one of the social interaction tools that has the capacity to sensitise,excite,arouse,sooth,romance and touch the heart and impact on the feelings and interaction in the environment either at the individual level,group level or communal level.With the understanding that a human being is a social animal whose comfort and harmony in the environment depends on his understanding of his social environment,ability to change in order to </span></span><span style="line-height: 19px;">accommodate</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"> the other entities in the environment and his ability to co-operate with others.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">This is a product of Social interaction as has been observed by a number of Scholars.According to Max Weber,it is indicated that social behaviour has two components.The first is <b><i>the Action</i></b> or The Behaviour itself emanating from the individual.The second component is <b><i>the meaning that the actor attaches to his or her behaviour</i></b>.That meaning which Weber reffered to as <b>orientation</b>,is <i style="font-weight: bold;">how a person perceives his behaviour in relationship to other people.</i>It is that knowledge of another who is affected that makes an action or interaction.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Love used as a tool of social interaction is behaving as a human entity requires harmony and peace at heart as the behaviours for it to attach meaning and social orientation towards a partner and control its activities through Understanding,Change and Co-operation.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">From the article <b><a href="http://timologyvok.blogspot.com/2012/05/when-do-we-talk-about-true-love.html" target="_blank">When Do We Talk About True Love</a>,</b>if you love truely,then strive to <b>understand</b> that individuals involved in love have personal differences,unique personalities,weaknesses and strengths,different wishes and aspirations.They have unwavering feelings and desires,they burn with passions and desires and different craves with wishes and aspirations.People come from different set cultural backgrounds with their own fears and prejudices which should not stand out as a barrier to submitting for love but rather as a common front or a springboard which swings and propels the partners into the future-as observed by John</span></span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: magenta; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>"Life has taught us that love does not consist in gazing at each other,but in looking outward together in the same direction"</b></span></span></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">The Principle of Understanding as a rule is usually manifested at the individual level who in turn should appreciate that life is usually sweeter when one is willing to freely give than expecting to receive.Given and received with the right attitude,it leads to a situation where Love breeds true friendship which in turn evolves and revolves around giving anything one can give mainly to enhance the bond of love and true a</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px;">ll that is tangible or intangible,These include:ones time;ones love;ones care;ones personal commitment,surrendering ones comfort and much more.Reflect this on the quote</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><b>"In love there are two things:bodies and words."</b></span>-<b>Joyce Carol Oates</b></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px;">All in appreciation </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px;">that a partner is a special friend in a special environment and that needs special treatment in a world of peace and tranquillity.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px;">The human behaviour emanates from the group dynamics explained by a number of theories explaining interaction The other theory explaining the social interaction is based on the group dynamics which according to <b>Kurt Lewin,</b> who developed the concept of group dynamics.Agitated by his concern with the interaction not just between individuals but between individuals and the groups that they belong According to this theory it is indicated that</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px;"><b><span style="color: #009900;">Human behaviour results from the interaction between a person and his or her social environment. Since our behaviour is pinned on action and the meaning attached on that action so our behaviour of love is based on a common understanding of our status quo, our unique individuality. And our orientation towards one another as individuals and towards group dynamics</span></b><span style="color: #009900;"><b>,and the meaning attached to the environment.</b></span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px;">We must be willing or wanting to shed off and desire to<b> change</b> and let go ....sacrifice to let go some of the things very dear to us in order to accommodate the wishes and aspirations of our love partners If you</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px;">Co-operation</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px;"> here in is the result of submission effect Peace quiet, calm freedom from or cessation of war, civil order, peace maker is a person who brings about peace or social order Love as a tool of social interaction leads to networking.The idea of networks in social interaction was developed in the 20th century from the desire to study whole groups of people rather than just individual interactions. Scholars who study networks try to map out connections between members of a group (quite applicable in studying the behaviour of lovers).Connections can consist of conversation, written communication and any other type of information exchange between people. Networks are generally fluid, meaning they change and evolve over time. Above all, remember that age, colour, language or religion does not matter but love matters alot in.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px;">Lovers need a home to make love and celebrate their friendship orientations.They cherish this together and constantly look forward to this.This is because sweet home is a retreat where one can mellow out with dear hearts and gentle people,pleasantly removed from the dilemmas of the Universe.Love provides a road map to happiness.Happiness is learning to want and appreciate what you you have and wishing that your dream come true.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px;">Every dream has a road and a roadmap and every road has a beginning starting on a step of time and a moment of submission.Lovers commit to the path of intimacy and follow a roadmap to their hearts explored through knowledge and discernment.They understand and appreciate that knowing alone is not enough but is complimented by application.They apply their feelings,They cherish their desires and subscribe to their aspirations and must apply willingly.Willing is the taking risk for the sake of happiness which is the bedrock of peace.This follows the understanding that <b><i>The greatest risk in life is when you never take risk</i></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px;">According to <b>William Shakespeare</b></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: magenta; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px;"><b> "Now join your hands,and with your hands join your hearts"</b></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Lovers do join their hands,jpin their minds,join their bodies and reconcile their initial seperate environment brought together for the sake of peaceful co-existence.While it is true</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"> <span style="color: magenta;"><b>"Love does not make the world go round,love is what makes the ride worthwhile"</b></span> As asserted by <b>Elizabeth Browning</b></span></span></blockquote>
As we crave for the sojourn of Love in our hearts,it is imperative to understand that <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b style="color: #38761d; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px;">"Love is a promise.Love is a souvenir,once given never forgotten,never let it disappear"</b></blockquote>
This is done while reflecting on Brian Andres thus:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: magenta; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px;">"<b>We sat side by side in the morning light and looked out at the future together"</b></span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px;"> - Brian Andres</b></blockquote>
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</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Article by
Vincent Oduor Odhiambo-KOdongoh
Timologyvok Founder Member
Copyright material
Property of KOdongoh Educational Publishers(KEP)
E-mail:vincentoduor@ymail.com</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7127062093075158414.post-1141454195046360742012-05-19T16:35:00.000+03:002012-05-20T16:06:11.690+03:00The Desires of Love<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: magenta;"><i><b>"A Pink Rose For Love"</b></i></span></div>
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Once upon a time you had had the feelings and desires to love and to be loved and you felt that strong urge and the heartbeat of love throbbing and pounding so hard very near yet so far away upon your heart and inside your ribcage.If you were not aware of it then that was the desire of love at its best </div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 22pt;">The Desires of Love</span></b><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">"Love is much of an object as an obsession,everybody wants it,everybody seeks it,but few achieve it,those who do will cherish it,be lost in it,and among all,never...forget it.Could this be the love you will or is likely to receive or give out to the one who will touch your heart?"</span></b></blockquote>
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<span style="color: blue;">Love is a desire of the heart and a phenomenon very unique and special that everybody yearns for it.Love is a look that link the noble minds.Desire of Love is the inspirational key that opens the spring of love.According to one of my facebook network a <b>Betty Okumu</b> posted on her wall that</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #38761d;"> </span><b><span style="color: #38761d;">"Hearts are very many all over the world....chosing one is very difficult...but the worst nightmare is your heart accepting your chosen heart so that they function as one and </span>NOT<span style="color: #38761d;"> causing a heart failure"</span></b></span></blockquote>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt; text-align: left;">The
desire of Love is a prologue to happiness as a one <b>Jane Mwaluma</b> posted in her
facebook wall thus</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt; text-align: left;">:</span></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: #6aa84f; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><b>"Happiness is not something ready-made! It comes from your own actions" and cushioned and propelled by the feelings and desires of love</b></span></blockquote>
<span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">And
this is to say that the desire to love and the function of deriving happiness
from such love is both a feeling and a desire that follows a crave to
belong and have a sense of belonging and a unique phenomenon that does not give
time for waiting nor patience for decision-making as is often taken by many souls and suitors.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">More
often than not we do welcome for those who do anticipate and even contemplate the possibility of a
relationship and look for cues and clues to its manifestation as we evaluate
our desires and feelings and aspiration we believe are or should be associated by such a
relationship we get magnetized spiritually in the soul through our feelings of
identification and a belonging but not a decision to be made.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">It is the kind of
thing that begins with the desires and feelings of appreciation and thankfulness and a
desire to claim the joy of caring and being cared for being appreciated,being
recognized,being befriended and being identified and even before you know it,
you get elated and swept off the ground heads over heels with your world turned round and
round and upside down by the thrill of love.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Love is not about physical being or physical nature but more of a spirituality and has to do with the soul and therefore internal rather than an external and physical that requires immense knowledge and infatuation from each partner.The seedling of love is usually planted in the prospective lover's heart and not through physical touch and this means it is possible to be in love by a prick of ones immense morals,the wealth of characters,the great potential and the astitute aspirations in life.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">This is usually so because the moment that one is only and stupidly and only in love with the physical nature then automatically as is always the case one will be in for a rude shock of the expectations the moment the inner being comes out to manifest to the surface.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Often there are those titbits, the whispers,
the messages, the flowers and the cards and even words of wisdom and sometimes
words of love.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">The
desires of love usually leads you in a step by step fashion to this special somebody-The one who
when you are seemingly lonely and when the world appears to have stopped going round as it seems to be closed with no one to
turn to console you his object of being comes handy,then his image alone will
be an epitome of romance in your heart.This brings me to the question, </span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #38761d; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">" Is it possible to love somebody you haven't seen or met?"</span></blockquote>
<span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">To this question the answer is Yes and absolutely since
one who </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">loves,loves who you are and not what you
think I have or you have not seen.You love ones character and spirituality do
not have any apologies to make</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">This
is your unique special friend and confidant and yet a best friend to share with your tribulations as you receive back the appreciation,satisfactorily celebrate your successes and cherish your failures by listening to the soothing
words which stands out uniquely as the symbol of comfort and signifies a symbol of association</span><br />
<span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">This
is the desire that when you are in a social quagmire a romantic whirlwind with
a myriad of questions lingering in your brain and answers seems not to be
forthcoming then the pieces of advice coming from this special person usually
signifies the wisdom and purpose of existence and seems to provide an
alternative pathway to a race of life sometimes you are so much intimately attracted to and romantically attached to the closeness of your togetherness
that you desire the presence and union of both of you that is in itself is a
sanctuary of love and you get the satisfaction that love is in the offing.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">You desire to harvest from the maturity whose wealth of experience is a
double combination of the wealth of years and first-hand information to the
destiny of existence </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></div>
<span style="line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Article by
Vincent Oduor Odhiambo-KOdongoh
Timologyvok Founder Member
Copyright material
Property of KOdongoh Educational Publishers(KEP)
E-mail:vincentoduor@ymail.com</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7127062093075158414.post-41096409547084927472012-05-06T09:06:00.001+03:002012-05-11T12:02:00.147+03:00The Unconditional Love<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="color: magenta;">Take anything desired from The Cup of Love-It is free Choice </span></b></div>
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A lot of discussion has taken place with a lot of water having gone under the bridge on the word Love in terms of What is Love,When Do We talk about True Love and many more articles on love and more recently on the Choice of Love.Whatever is your take on this I wish to indicate that Real Love sometimes may mean nothing to the whole world but when you get it your whole world will mean Love.This is the departure where Unconditional Love sets in.<br />
The Love Guru has a very special way of giving the quotes of Love,where as others use lyrics to express the feeling of Love.Here in my very special commitment I use words to describe the same feelings in a way I believe will touch the hearts of many for those who will dare to be patient enough and read them.My personal <b>Concept of Love</b> is that<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="color: magenta;"><b>"Love is a deep conviction and a personal commitment to social feelings and desires,passions and aspirations of the heart and a pursuit to care and having a sense of belonging in order to secure appreciation and comfort"</b></span></i></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">From the article <b>The Quest for Love</b>,</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="color: magenta;">Love is a feeling of warmth, kindness,
fondness and affections towards tender devotions of the opposite sex or the
other partner as would be seen in three very unique and distinctive perspectives:</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="color: magenta;"> </span><b>The Filial Perspective
(Family),The Social Perspective (Social </b></span><b style="line-height: 18.6pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">Love),<span style="color: magenta;">and</span> The </span></b><span class="apple-converted-space" style="line-height: 18.6pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span></span><b style="line-height: 18.6pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">Romantic Perspective (Intimate
Love) </span></b></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">The three perspective are understood to be quite
interactive to each other and sometimes,not as a rule, changes form from one perspective to another perspective.The
salient question here therefore is, when does<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><b>Intimate Love</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> change to a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><b>Filial Love</b>?This happens when
couples that have romantically submitted and consumed their love unconditionally benefits from
the product of their union (conception) and are blessed with the fruits of love
(Child or Children) This is point where<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>Filial Love</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> takes over and romantic love ceases
or ducks to the background where it lies dormant to be rekindled when it is
true love</span><a href="http://timologyvok.blogspot.com/2012/04/when-it-is-true-love.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">.http://timologyvok.blogspot.com/2012/04/when-it-is-true-love.html </span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b><i><span style="color: magenta;">Love <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>is a feeling or a delight or a desire
that a person has. Love is more intimate and touches the heart and involves
enjoyment by both parties involved. Love is that activity given for the
pleasure of giving and not receiving back and not for its stake. Love is
laboured for and labourer enjoys doing what she or he is doing for the sake of
the loved one and remains hard-put even to the outside pressures, challenges or
influence hence the saying,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><u>love
is blind or love knows no cultural barrier</u>. Love means doing things for the
sake of your sweetheart all in the name of love. So love is an affiliated
feeling that surpasses intuition and reasoning and is a mental process.</span></i></b></blockquote>
Donna Summer a once soul singer-turn-gospel composed a song on "Unconditional Love"I just wish you could get the lyrics to the song to supplement this idea..."Give me Your Unconditional Love...</div>
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<b><span style="color: magenta;">"Love is an aspiration and inspiration from a loving Heart"</span></b></div>
I wish to invoke the feeling here that for the Prince of love (one who exercises love and provides the love) to reign in ones heart then we need to provide undivided attention and loyalty and even take the pains of sacrifice the comfort of the partner if that would be desired,done in good faith devoid of conditions and procedures.I wish to quote from the love guru who once said that</div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<b> <span style="color: magenta;">"Your prince of love will one day come.He may not ride a white horse or live in a big castle but he will love you and only you and you can still look forward to a moment of fun"</span></b></blockquote>
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From the above argument I therefore advance the argument of <a href="http://timologyvok.blogspot.com/2012/05/the-unconditional-love.html" target="_blank">Unconditional Love</a> that this can only be true following the deep conviction and personal commitments to the desires of the heart with everything else taking the back-stage.This is because of the perception that <i>"Love is an aspiration and inspiration from a loving Heart"</i>.The result will be to take one the way he/she is without giving up on the one you can not go a day without thinking about.<br />
Perhaps it is at this point in time that one would say that Love is blind as it would only cherish what it deems desirable after going through The Romantic Submission Moment three stage <b>Cycle of Falling in Love.</b>A good friend once challenged me to a question<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: magenta;"><b><i>"Wow!Let me ask you a personal question,you know so much about love why aren't you in love?"</i> My response was <i>"I am writing a complete article on my belief on unconditional love and why I have not come-by it"</i> after promising to answer her later by directing her to the notion of Unconditional Love she posed the question <i>"How do you identify unconditional love"</i> Here my answer was that it lies in the Choice of Love,its expectations that go with it and the demands attached</b></span></blockquote>
So you identify Unconditional Love when you see sacrifice and deep personal commitment irrespective of the status quo,when you see deep devotion tenderness and undivided attention.When there is constant concern and unwavering care.you take a cue of the....<br />
Unconditional Love is the kind of love that will not desire to change or reshape the character of the partner but will appreciate the intimate uniqueness and physical difference seen and found on the other partner as you cross the Social Front to submit to the whims of love.This love will always appreciate the physical strength and weaknesses,appreciate the desires and feelings of one another.It will cherish the inadequacies and celebrate the successes gathered together while rewarding the efforts of appreciation towards one another.<br />
Many times people have always invested in what they believed could be love made in heaven only to find themselves in the limbo of condemnation.This is because of the jargon-<span style="color: blue;">"What you see is not what you expected".</span>There is usually very high expectation from the one you love or even to the extent of assigning rules and procedures with well defined character and moral expectations.There is usually the tendency to re-shape your conception of the would be partner or the new found partner to the illusion of I-wish-I-knew kind of attitude because of the conditions attached to the love. </div>
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From the previous article on <a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_628634872"><b>The</b> </a><b><a href="http://timologyvok.blogspot.com/2012/05/the-choice-of-love.html" target="_blank">Choice of Love</a>. </b>This should be based on the fact that people are unique in their choices</div>
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<span style="color: magenta;"><b>"Do not try to make me be perfect but appreciate me the way I am"</b></span></div>
I wish to indicate man's love cannot be satisfied by beauty alone,or by material things and pushy-flashy aspirations in life but through appreciating that one is beautiful or handsome because of the feelings you have attached to that which you see and get from their relationship.<br />
After a lot of soul searching and deep meditation indicate and reveal that Love is like a home which to a lover and a loved one is a place for a retreat where one can mellow out with dear hearts and the gentle partner,pleasantly removed from the dilemma of the Universe."Oh!Love Sweet Love! How I cherish what will be our Sojourn together"<br />
If I may share with you an experience.I had a friend who really believed in investing in love to sustain what he believed was good for his passion.So much so that he could go to the extent of sending free gift to that his supposed lover would take advantage of,revel and swim in the spirit of offer and take to the fill and disappear.He had been a victim of con women,in fact four times in a row.<br />
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</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Article by
Vincent Oduor Odhiambo-KOdongoh
Timologyvok Founder Member
Copyright material
Property of KOdongoh Educational Publishers(KEP)
E-mail:vincentoduor@ymail.com</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7127062093075158414.post-54035916120407107252012-05-02T23:34:00.000+03:002012-05-03T22:31:54.131+03:00The Attitude of Love<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
It is a fact of life that whenever we want to do something,it is always important to set our eyes on it and develop the right attitude towards it.For success it is necessary to be focussed and have positive attitude Humility is always the greatest attitude of Love</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Article by
Vincent Oduor Odhiambo-KOdongoh
Timologyvok Founder Member
Copyright material
Property of KOdongoh Educational Publishers(KEP)
E-mail:vincentoduor@ymail.com</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7127062093075158414.post-8821754092625356982012-05-02T18:23:00.000+03:002012-05-12T16:44:08.999+03:00When Do we talk about ‘True Love’<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: magenta;"><i><b>"A Moment of Love"</b></i></span></div>
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Having gone a lot of soul-searching and meditation culminating into <b><a href="http://timologyvok.blogspot.com/2012/04/romantic-submission-moment.html" target="_blank">The Romantic Submission Moment</a></b>,you face and break into the Romantic Bliss and shortly present your heart,your feelings,your desires and aspirations and whole-being to the whims of your new found love.You totally surrender to the burning desires of loving and being loved.</div>
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Depending on the intimacy of both of you and the romantic skills that accompanies it,you become free and willing to give and let go the feelings for consummation.At this time and moment of great seduction you realize that the <b>Whispers of Love will be louder than the Echoes of Hatred.</b>Only then can you identify infatuation and differentiate it from sexual desires and chauvinism,and say the least being a sex object.You begin to wonder whether it was "True Love" or not </div>
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<span style="color: magenta;"><b><i>"What message could this flowers be sending?"</i></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">If you have gone through a number of romantic posts in
this site,then it is assumed that you have enough prerequisite information to make analysis of what
True Love is assumed to be is or could be.From the Social Interaction point of view the query <a href="http://timologyvok.blogspot.com/2012/05/when-do-we-talk-about-true-love?.html" target="_blank">When Do We Talk about True Love?</a> has been an age old question that has baffled many,young and old the colour and non coloured,men and women,the high and mighty the world over and continues.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I wish to echo what Honore de Balzac once quoted that </span><br />
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<span style="color: magenta; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>"True Love is eternal,infinite,and always like itself.It is equal and pure,without violent demonstrations:it is seen with white hairs and is always young in the heart."</b></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">My conjecture on this is that </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>True Love is spiritual and is indeed eternal for it never dies but may only be interrupted by the demise of the other partner and will always reincarnate in the heart of the surviving partner.This phenomenon once initiated in the hearts of the partners does not have a traceable feelings or or a foreseeable or predictable passion.</b></span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">The characteristics of love is only comparable to True Love.True love sees the other partner as the better half and shares in the wishes and aspirations of the future,submits to the desires and passions of the heart and therefore is equal to the measure of anticipated love.True Love does not poke into the life of the partner,it does not find fault and does not aim to change but appreciates the other partner is she/he is and therefore remain pure and true to its meaning.True Love is a champion of romance and is always guided by a set of logics, wisdom and the Voice of Reason.True Love is composed and never </span></span><span style="line-height: 19px;">panic</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">, is comfortable and not disturbed by the noisy confusions in life and is not worried about its position in the Universe but is guided by words of wisdom and therefore is without violent demonstration.Due to this you can only see and appreciate this and see it with white hairs and and feel the </span><span style="line-height: 19px;">youngness</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> in the heart </span></span></b></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">While I understand the biological differences that </span></span><span style="line-height: 19px;">necessitate</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> that each individual is entitled to his or her own mode of thinking,understanding and perception depending on their level of social maturity and perception of their unique social class of stratification,I may say and need to point out here that </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: magenta; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>"True
love" is an undertaking that is dimensional and wears many Faces of Love which defies all the odds and even.It is a love with deep foundation
on The Pillars of Love"</b></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">We talk about TRUE LOVE <span style="color: magenta;"><b>when there is a deep conviction of the wishes and aspirations with a deep personal commitment to feelings and desires of the heart there is a total surrender and submission of true feelings and desires culminating to change of attitude and behaviour orientation towards the loving partner .Read the article <a href="http://timologyvok.blogspot.com/2012/05/the-unconditional-love.html" target="_blank">The Unconditional Love</a> </b></span></span></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">True Love is a
love that is sensitive and is a compliment to the many short text and lovely messages sent at an interlude of time and out of expectation and wise sayings directed towards the partner and the loving words whispered literally and meaningfully through the soft </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://timologyvok.blogspot.com/2011/11/whispers-of-love.html" target="_blank">Whispers of Love</a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> which are usually louder than resonating Echoes of Hatred and resentment emanating from the losing competitor (s) while it is aware of the </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://timologyvok.blogspot.com/2011/11/timology-voice-of-love.html" target="_blank">Echoes of Hatred</a> </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">that could be </span></span><span style="line-height: 19px;">associated</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> or accompanied by parallel competitors</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">True Love is therefore a romantic feeling and desire of belonging and a romantic phenomenon deeply rooted in and is based
on the fountain and foundation for </span></span><a href="http://timologyvok.blogspot.com/2011/05/great-relationship.html" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" target="_blank">A Great Relationship</a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> and </span></span><span style="line-height: 19px;">presumably</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> eternal future undertakings.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">It is a
love that is conscious of the competing hearts and the pressures of the Romantic </span></span><span style="line-height: 19px;">Quagmires</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> through the </span></span><a href="http://timologyvok.blogspot.com/2011/03/this-photo-of-bamburi-beach-hotel-is_8568.html" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" target="_blank">Love Triangle</a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> and appreciates the many </span></span><a href="http://timologyvok.blogspot.com/2011/04/faces-of-love.html" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" target="_blank">Faces of Love</a></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">From the social interaction point of view True Love is a love based on <a href="http://timologyvok.blogspot.com/2012/04/romantic-submission-moment.html" target="_blank">The Romantic Submission Moment</a> and
reflected from <a href="http://timologyvok.blogspot.com/2012/04/the-social-submission-moment.html" target="_blank">The Social SubmissionMoment</a></span></b></span></blockquote>
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</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Article by
Vincent Oduor Odhiambo-KOdongoh
Timologyvok Founder Member
Copyright material
Property of KOdongoh Educational Publishers(KEP)
E-mail:vincentoduor@ymail.com</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7127062093075158414.post-62725777238657500142012-05-01T15:42:00.001+03:002012-05-27T19:59:21.772+03:00The Choices Of Life<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="text-align: justify;">Those long old days we were still young and untapped,we had dreams,had our wishes and desires,we had aspirations,and we were full of imaginations as to the kind of things we wanted to do with ourselves.The kind of jobs we wanted to profess and the kind of lifestyle we thought was desirable to us.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;">Sometimes it is </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;">necessary</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"> and it is the right thing to do to make life's choices.This we have to get right are we are messed up for good.Choices are made with jobs,places to reside,partners to live with and the kind of lifestyle to lead.</span></div>
</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Article by
Vincent Oduor Odhiambo-KOdongoh
Timologyvok Founder Member
Copyright material
Property of KOdongoh Educational Publishers(KEP)
E-mail:vincentoduor@ymail.com</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7127062093075158414.post-11140696373200323032012-05-01T14:33:00.001+03:002012-05-05T10:02:02.059+03:00The Concept of Love<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: magenta;">"</span><span style="color: magenta; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Taking Love from the Cup of Love"</span></div>
Would you like to join the great debate on what love is? Of course I suspect.Perhaps this is the golden chance and opportune moment of joining the like-minded 3-D thinkers in re-shaping some of the age-old fallacies, conepts and notions often so much misused that their speculative use has been quite commonly taken as the gospel meaning of the concept even if they are wrong.One of this is the <b><a href="http://timologyvok.blogspot.com/2012/05/the-concept-of-love.html" target="_blank">The Concept of Love</a></b> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px; text-indent: 0.5in;">Whereas this could have been partially or wholly true,I feel for the sake of this understanding,the explanation of the word love should begin with the highlighting of the<b> concept of love</b>.This is done here by first giving the literary exposition of the words “</span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px; text-indent: 0.5in;">Concept”</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px; text-indent: 0.5in;"> and </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px; text-indent: 0.5in;">“Love”</b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://timologyvok.blogspot.com/2012/05/the-concept-of-love.html" target="_blank">The Concept of Love</a></span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I begin my exposition of the Concept of Love by providing the definition of the word "<b>Concept"</b> as used in this article</span></div>
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<span style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">From the theory of
study of words the word</span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> concept</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> usually
refers to a general notion about something: or an abstract idea about something
made reference of. As an abstraction of a phenomenon. Event or object.We paint
a general idea about what is made reference of.</span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">Conception</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> is usually a noun referring to either conceiving of or
being a conceived idea or understanding of something.</span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">Conceptual
</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">is a descriptive word referring to the mental concept of something .in
itself more of abstraction of what is made reference of.</span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">Conceptually</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> is an adverb referring to a conceptual way of
perception of a thing, an event or an object or subject.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">With all the naivety and intellectualism
associated with the passions and desires of the heart,the word that has always
been very difficult to define or explain or precisely say what it is has been
the word Love.Through speculation and social ventures many had always taken
this literally to mean sexual tendencies exhibited and shown by one partner towards
the other with an intention of sexual consumption.</span></span></blockquote>
Having looked at the meaning of the word <b>"concept"</b> may I now shift the attention to the word love:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: magenta; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">From
a layman’s point of view the word </span><b style="color: magenta; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">Love</b><span style="color: magenta; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">
refers to some and of course deep affection or fondness exercised by one
partner towards the other with similar desires and feelings,intimately these
are sexual passions that emanate from the desires and wishes of the prospective
lover.</span> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: magenta; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">To
the beginners in the game of love,where their understanding of love is equated
with infatuation and sexual urge, and they take love to mean sexual relations
between two members of the opposite sex romantically attracted to each other
and shares in the give and take phenomenon and exchange of love sentiments.</span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: magenta; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">From
the social interaction point of view the word love is taken to mean the effect
resulting from the romantic submission moment which result after a social front
has been crossed leading to the breakdown moment.Here,the two love birds
having flown high and nigh towards the direction of each other and having crossed
the social front have perched onto the heart of the partners.</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">Consequently </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">to fall in love</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> here means to begin to love which thinly means to
begin to recognize the feelings and desires, appreciate the efforts taken to
show or have the feelings shown and to initiate the exercise of love. Simply
put the love affair begins.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">Take note that </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><i>love
affair</i></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> here refers to a romantic or sexual relationship between two
people, between love-birds that has been planted,nurtured and tendered like a </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><i>love-in-a-mist
</i></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">(blue-flowered cultivated plant) the result of which if not tendered
creates the feeling of being lovesick,which means languishing with love.</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">From
a literary discourse it is understood that the word love is associated with
such words like </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">beloved one,sweetheart</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">
and is colloquially used as a form of address regardless of affection of the
person of whom one is fond of.Are words usually used as forms of</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">affectionate greetings,particularly intended
to make the lover feel love for,or have delight in, sometimes used to</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">admire or have admiration for, to like very
much.</span></span></blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">I
am not here,trying to make a retinue of romantic words but just to have a
slight exposition of important words used in Love and romance.The other words
are </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">lovelorn</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> pining from unrequited
love. To</span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> make love</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> has always been
taken to mean to have a sexual intercourse (with) pay amorous attention </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">Loveable </b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">means can be loved</span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">.Loveless</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> means unloving or unloved or
both ‘lovely colloquial pleasing, delightful,beautiful.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">A</span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> Lover</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> is a person in love with another
or is having mutual sexual relations with another; unmarried couple in love or
having sexual relations, person who enjoys specified thing </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">Loving</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> feeling or showing love,affectionate </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">Loving cup</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> is a two-handled drinking cup passed round at banquets.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">Having
looked at the words concept and love separately, we need now to combine the two
and get a holistic definition of the C</span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">oncept
of Love.</b><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">From the Social Interaction point of view,<a href="http://timologyvok.blogspot.com/2012/05/the-concept-of-love.html" target="_blank">The Concept of Love</a> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">means
the general notion of Love as perceived in the mind of the lover and the beloved.Love in itself is the </span></span><span style="line-height: 19px;">exercising</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> of passions while allowing desires to follow the wishes and aspirations of the heart...</span></span></span></div>
</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Article by
Vincent Oduor Odhiambo-KOdongoh
Timologyvok Founder Member
Copyright material
Property of KOdongoh Educational Publishers(KEP)
E-mail:vincentoduor@ymail.com</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7127062093075158414.post-47805163015297214622012-04-30T20:55:00.001+03:002012-05-02T18:00:37.184+03:00The Choice Of Love<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT3DTHpzLC7InDMtd7RaEncccglVtTDzRFf5xv8dBRP62eDOxoNuMoM_zmhYI1Q1RuMRbPkOvOv0IGNcqVujo9BoHH23qHsyti9LqlOkv2wcIHG67kJbpFXzAg0DLGfzCOxXLaNdo3T2E/s1600/Gd+9te+wish.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT3DTHpzLC7InDMtd7RaEncccglVtTDzRFf5xv8dBRP62eDOxoNuMoM_zmhYI1Q1RuMRbPkOvOv0IGNcqVujo9BoHH23qHsyti9LqlOkv2wcIHG67kJbpFXzAg0DLGfzCOxXLaNdo3T2E/s1600/Gd+9te+wish.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b><i><span style="color: magenta;">"Could have been the best Choice You ever made"</span></i></b></div>
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://timologyvok.blogspot.com/2012/04/choice-of-love.html" target="_blank">The Choice of Love</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Life is usually claimed to be a biological episode and a function which on its very unique way is an accident of purpose while
death is said to be a must and clearance phenomenon which awaits every other soul on planet Earth who partakes in the sojourn of existence-yet existence is a </span></span><span style="line-height: 19px;">necessary</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> sojourn of destiny on the planet Earth. One of the <i><b>social </b></i></span><span style="line-height: 19px;"><i><b>etiquettes</b></i></span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> necessary for life undertakings is being able to make a </span><b style="line-height: 115%;"><i>Choice</i></b><span style="line-height: 115%;"> and being able to make choices and selections from different options as no agreement
was ever made and signed for before your maker or anything anywhere could be before
we were given a lease of birth-as to who to be our parents, when to be born,where to be born or how to be born or to live
on this platform of human activities.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I
remember this story very well and with a lot of nostalgia from my first love (R.I.P.) in high
school when I was challenged by her great mind and soul of a love that I believed would
have been the epitome of my love and happiness in life, narrating and teaching me to listen
and be a good listener to any story and yearn for the message conveyed in it. Here goes her story adapted from the Love Guru’s voice
of wisdom </span></div>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">“In a Love Contest in a Beach Love Camp organised solely for <a href="http://timologyvok.blogspot.com/p/the-sojourn-of-love.html" target="_blank">The Sojourn of Love</a> couples and those loving hearts were chosen at random,selected and included to
participate in a love quiz purposely meant to test their commitments to their
partners in their love lives. A series of activities were undertaken both
physical and oral. Among the oral activities undertaken included being given
choices of love to make as a show of commitment to their relationship.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><u>Three
love choices</u> were given. These included choosing from the <span style="color: blue;">Love of Gold, Love of
Flowers</span> and <span style="color: blue;">Mothers Love</span>. After choices were made and decided on, they were put to task to clearly explain their reasons and intentions of their choices. This they did so clearly to the attention and amusements of other couples who admitted that lovers go into a relationship
without first weighing and weighing of other available options and only guided by sexual
passions and infatuations mistaken to be love instead of true love and that is why there several
definitions of <span style="color: blue;">True Love</span> both shallow and deeply rooted on some kind of
understanding”</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Many of us
including you and me and significant others do speculate instead of getting our basis of the argument and tendency to manual thinking in the issues of love.Put in another way savage way of thinking and doing what is mistaken to be love.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Of
particular interest and relevance to this article is the explanation and teaching that was advanced by the Love Guru whose voice of wisdom was echoed in the following
explanation:</span><br />
<b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px;"><span style="color: blue;">The Love of Gold</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYIxpDItXVUhlpVxo3BW5yJpsgwBU5SkV6BFQuninhAE4yUIvPi31mpCkFrphr09S2Zw7soCKAbRH_bmVcd60fZpT8mSnyqu1oyFez_6_PGpeSRZ0UU-EE-4vJnofxoo0IsUtkg2A0EW0/s1600/Campus+room.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYIxpDItXVUhlpVxo3BW5yJpsgwBU5SkV6BFQuninhAE4yUIvPi31mpCkFrphr09S2Zw7soCKAbRH_bmVcd60fZpT8mSnyqu1oyFez_6_PGpeSRZ0UU-EE-4vJnofxoo0IsUtkg2A0EW0/s320/Campus+room.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="color: magenta;">"When money can furnish a room but can't buy peace"</span></i></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b><br /></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">This is symbolically an affair which is a mirror reflection to the love of glittering
material things.The pussy in-things confused to be necessary in the blossoming of love. This is a love
founded on the principle that</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">“</span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">life is so short that one
has to live honourably like a king on this world even if for a day rather than
living a hundred years on Earth like a slave. The belief that life must be
enjoyed no matter how carelessly it is consumed</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.”</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">It is
a love anchored on expensive resources and gifts. The love of money and cars.
Love of maisonettes and bungalows. The wheel of love is usually pushed round wheeled
with the oil of material things and benefits that many believe must be provided
as a prerequisite to sustaining the relationship. Quite often money takes the
centre stage and is usually the cause of separation or calling it quits among
lovers whenever love goes sour.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">This is a love with no security The partners are quite insecure with and
to each other-hence the </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>Cheating Syndrome</i></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">. Gold is loved by
everybody and is wanted by everybody. One moment you could be having it the
next moment you are robbed of it. It is a love associated with so many worries
and uncertainties. There is no comfort in this love. Love with no future. Love
threatened with desertation.Love with no assurance.Love based on the Slogan “Give
me so that I give</span><br />
<b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px;"><span style="color: blue;">The Love of Flowers</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV1dt4NIMe9BzKANPogb7M75kefEzAGuCth1r4TsQtVHHoUEwjohpYvVqbwr8Ptr1J1-fT1m6oa2MBVB96LKGHLnaZ05aPabVGRFlArY88RntZgQ_SIz1PwwqdMM1gEOzishFBHIqKXSo/s1600/Hydrangeas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV1dt4NIMe9BzKANPogb7M75kefEzAGuCth1r4TsQtVHHoUEwjohpYvVqbwr8Ptr1J1-fT1m6oa2MBVB96LKGHLnaZ05aPabVGRFlArY88RntZgQ_SIz1PwwqdMM1gEOzishFBHIqKXSo/s320/Hydrangeas.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="color: magenta;">"What could be hidden deep inside the Hydagrass Flower?"</span></i></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b><br /></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Is a love </span></span><span style="line-height: 19px;">affair</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> which is
short lived and temporary. As it shoots out of its bud its is accompanied with fragrance
and beauty which only lasts a day or two before it withers away completely.Just like a flower, it blossoms and withers away as soon as it loses its
fragrance and value. As the saying goes that not all that glitters is gold, so
you have to remember that not all flowers symbolises love but only Red roses
do. Please do realize also that for very Rose flower you pick you will be
pricked by its thorns, and the number of picks made do translate to the number
of pricks and wounds inflicted on your skin. So as you keep on changing these
flowers to maintain their beatification effect so you are maintaining the fresh
wounds inflicted by its thorns. This is a love life characterised by the vain
glories of life.</span></span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><b><i>"This is a love life founded on the fact that I should live today for I do not know what tomorrow holds and that I should live today for tomorrow will always take care of itself-Never Postpone your future since the future is right here with you"</i></b></span></span></span></blockquote>
<b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px;"><span style="color: blue;">The Mothers Love</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVtME8Uh2CES96oMspPT-bOWkKoQjZm60XniwdA5wFrpjzipSIREcjFqUw98ebbjna12tzbAsdfoBhYx8KrNXEJItUHNaxdJyN1LhDS8taJxyXEN9nPYTzUGkq35rNxPb5MiLUoAytbAY/s1600/Cassidy's+grandy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVtME8Uh2CES96oMspPT-bOWkKoQjZm60XniwdA5wFrpjzipSIREcjFqUw98ebbjna12tzbAsdfoBhYx8KrNXEJItUHNaxdJyN1LhDS8taJxyXEN9nPYTzUGkq35rNxPb5MiLUoAytbAY/s320/Cassidy's+grandy.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="color: magenta;">"Imagine the Happiness they derive from this for each other!"</span></i></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b><br /></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">This is an affair which represents True Love
that only you is interested in. The love that cares not about my physique or
physical appearance. Minds not about but will always cherish my failures and
celebrate my successes. A love that will use my weaknesses as a starting point
to console my soul and give me hope in life. Remember, you did not decide on
that person to be your mother but came to the realization of’ your strong
attachment and a sense of belonging</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">“</span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">That
my mother is my mother alone and I can never lose my mother or exchange my
mother for another mother. Even if I go abroad I will always come back and be
welcomed back to her arms. She has and gives the greatest love comparable to
none at all”</i></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">When
society looks down upon me or condemns me to death, it is my mother who will
always come back to pay homage to my carcase or grave when she remembers the
birth pangs she underwent when I was being born.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">So
what is the message we are learning from this short story and its explanation?
The right choice of love should be based on different faces presented by
love.Remember to use your <b><a href="http://timologyvok.blogspot.com/2012/03/mind-as-object-of-love.html" target="_blank">Mind As an Object of Love</a></b> to guide you make a better choice of your love.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Let the love of money not rob you of your mother’s love as you watch out
of those glittering things that are short-lived.Those who have ever foung happiness in their love lives believably have always been very plain and simple in their love.While it is true that money can not buy love,it can only be used as a vehicle to carry and ferry love to risky and interesting heights. Money is only a way to labour of love but not a guarantee to its satisfaction or maintainace Just a minute this article is still being built! Have a rewarding Labour Day!</span></div>
</div>
</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Article by
Vincent Oduor Odhiambo-KOdongoh
Timologyvok Founder Member
Copyright material
Property of KOdongoh Educational Publishers(KEP)
E-mail:vincentoduor@ymail.com</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0